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biological psychology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

ch. 1-3

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1
Q

what is biological psychology?

A

The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience

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2
Q

physiological explanation

A

relates behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs

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3
Q

ontogenetic explanation

A

describes the development of the structure or behavior

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4
Q

evolutionary explanation

A

examines a structure or a behavior in terms of evolutionary history (WHY it evolved)

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5
Q

functional explanation

A

describes WHY a structure or behavior evolved as it did

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6
Q

how is the gut involved in influencing behavior

A

Gut bacteria stimulate the vagus nerve, which runs from the intestines to the brain, releasing chemicals that cross the lining of the intestines and enter the blood

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7
Q

human brain contains _____ neurons

A

86 billion

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8
Q

neuron contains

A

membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (like all other cells)

BUT also contains dendrites, soma/cell body, axon, and presynaptic terminals

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9
Q

dendrites

A

branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors responsible for bringing information into the neuron

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10
Q

greater surface area of the dendrite =

A

more information it can receive

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11
Q

how do yo increase the surface area of dendrites ?

A

dendritic spines

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12
Q

cell body/soma contains

A

the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes

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13
Q

cell body/soma: responsible for

A

the metabolic work of the neuron

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14
Q

cell body/soma is covered with

A

synapses

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15
Q

axons

A

Thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles

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16
Q

afferent axon

A

brings info into a structure

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17
Q

efferent axon

A

carries info away from a structure

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18
Q

interneurons

A

dendrites and axons are completely contained within the structure

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19
Q

______ of a neuron determines its connection with other neurons and its contribution to the nervous system

A

shape

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20
Q

motor neurons

A

-Has its soma in the spinal cord
-Receives excitation from other neurons
-Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle or gland

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21
Q

sensory neurons

A

It is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound, etc.).

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22
Q

types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, radial glia

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23
Q

astrocytes

A

-help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon

-responsible for dilating blood vessels to bring more nutrients into brain areas with heightened activity

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24
Q

microglia

A

-remove waste material, viruses and fungi from brain
-remove dead, dying, or damaged neurons

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25
Q

oligodendrocytes are located in the

A

brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Schwann cells are located

A

in the periphery of the body

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27
Q

function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

build the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates certain vertebrate axons

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28
Q

radial glia

A

guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

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29
Q

When embryonic development finishes, most radial glia differentiate into…..

A

neurons and a smaller number differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

nerve impulse:

the resting potential

A

the state of the neuron before sending a nerve impulse

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31
Q

nerve impulse:

messages in a neuron develop from…

A

disturbances of the resting potential

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32
Q

nerve impulse:

at rest, the membrane maintains an electrical gradient known as…

A

polarization: difference in electrical charge inside vs outside the cell

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33
Q

the inside of the cell is…

A

negative (-70 mV)

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34
Q

the nerve impulse:

___, ___, ___, and ___ are able to pass through channels in the membrane

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride

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35
Q

nerve impulse :

when the membrane is at rest:
____ channels are closed
___ channels are partially closed, allowing a slow passage.

A

sodium closed
potassium partially closed

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36
Q

nerve impulse:

ion channels: the sodium potassium pump is..

A

a protein complex

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37
Q

the sodium potassium pump continually..

A

pumps 3 sodium ions OUT
draws 2 potassium ions IN

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38
Q

ion channels maintain

A

the electrical gradient

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39
Q

ion channels (sodium potassium pump) uses ___ transport

A

active (uses ATP)

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40
Q

electrical and concentration gradients both work to

A

pull sodium into the cell, but they slowly leak out, carrying a + charge with them

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41
Q

the resting potential remains stable until…

A

the neuron is stimulated

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42
Q

hyperpoalrization

A

increasing the polarization or the difference between the electrical charge

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43
Q

depolarization

A

decreasing the polarization to 0

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44
Q

the threshold of excitation

A

a level above which any stimulation produces a massive depolarization

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45
Q

the action potential is

A

a rapid depolarization of the neuron

stimulation past the threshold of excitation triggers an action potential

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46
Q

voltage activated channels

A

membrane channels whose permeability depends on the voltage difference across the membrane

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47
Q

when sodium channels are opened…

A

+ charged sodium ions rush in and a nerve impulse occurs

48
Q

after a action potential occurs…

A

sodium channels are closed

49
Q

the neuron is returned to its resting state after an action potential by…

A

opening the potassium channels: potassium, ions flow out and take their + charge with them

50
Q

the ______ pump restores the original distribution of ions

A

sodum potassium

51
Q

blocking sodium channels

A

local anesthetic drugs bloc sodium channels and prevent action potentials from occurring

52
Q

the all or non law

A

the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it

53
Q

refractory periods

A

after an action potential, a neuron has a refractory period, where the neuron resists the production of another action potential

54
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the first part of the period in which the membrane cannot produce an action potential

55
Q

relative refractory period

A

second part in which it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger an action potential

56
Q

propagation of an action potential

A

transmission of an action potential down the axon

57
Q

in a motor neuron, the action potential begins…

A

at the axon hillock: where the axon exits the soma

58
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating material made of fats and proteins

59
Q

at each node of Ranvier

A

the action potential is regenerated by a chain of positively charged ions pushed along by the previous segment

60
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the jumping of the action potential from node to node

provides rapid conduction of impulses

conserves energy for the cell

61
Q

local neurons

A

have short axons, exchange info with neighbors, do NOT produce action potentials

62
Q

local neurons produce

A

graded potential: membrane potentials that vary in magnitude and do not follow the all or none rule

63
Q

graded potentials depolarize or hyper polarize in proportion to…

A

the stimulation

64
Q

Sherrington investigated how neurons communicate with each other by studying reflexes in a process known as a reflex arc. He found that:

A
  • Reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon
  • Several weak stimuli present at slightly different times
  • As one set of muscles becomes excited, another set relaxes
65
Q

Sherrington: The difference in speed of conduction in a reflex arc from a previously measure action potential must be accounted for by

A

the time it took for communication between neurons

66
Q

temporal summation

A

repeated stimuli can have a cumulative effect and can produce a nerve impulse when a single stimulus is too weak

67
Q

spatial summation

A

synaptic input from several locations can have a cumulative effect and trigger a nerve impulse

68
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

graded depolarization that decays over time and space

69
Q

_____ is the basis for temporal and spatial summation

A

EPSP

70
Q

Sherrington found that during the reflex that occurred,

A

the leg of a dog that was pinched retracted while the other 3 legs were extended

71
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane

72
Q

IPSPS occurs when

A

synaptic input selectively opens the gates for + charged potassium ions to leave the cell or negative charged chloride ions to enter the cells

73
Q

___ serves as a brake that suppresses excitation

A

IPSP

74
Q

spontaneous firing rate

A

periodic production of action potentials despite synaptic input

75
Q

_____s increase the number of action potentials above the spontaneous firing rate

A

EPSP

76
Q

_____s decrease the number of action potentials below the spontaneous firing rate

A

IPSP

77
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission

78
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that receives the message

79
Q

Otto Loewi’s experiment found that

A

stimulating one nerve released something that inhibited heart rate, and stimulating a different nerve released something that increased heart rate.

80
Q

major sequence of events allowing communication between neurons across the synapse:

*The _____synthesizes chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters

*Action potentials travel down the _____

*Released molecules diffuse across the cleft, attach to receptors, and alter the activity of the ________

*The neurotransmitters _______________________: either taken back to presynaptic for recycling or diffuse away

A

*The neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters

*Action potentials travel down the axon

*Released molecules diffuse across the cleft, attach to receptors, and alter the activity of the postsynaptic neuron

*The neurotransmitters separate from their receptors: either taken back to presynaptic for recycling or diffuse away

81
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that travel across the synapse and allow communication between neurons

82
Q

types of neurotransmitters

amino acids -

modified amino acid-

monoamines

neuropeptides

purines

gases

A

amino acids - GABA, glutamate, glycine

modified amino acid- acetylcholine

monoamines- indoleamines (serotonin), cathecholaines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

neuropeptides- endorphins, substrate P, neuropeptide Y

purines- ATP, adenosine

gases- NO

83
Q

neurotransmitters are synthesized from

A

substances provided by diet

84
Q

how long does transmission across the synaptic cleft take

A

fewer than 0.01 ms

85
Q

the effect of a neurotransmitter depends on

A

its receptor on the postsynaptic ccell

86
Q

two kinds of neurotransmitter effects

A

inotropic and metabotropic

87
Q

inotropic effects:

A

occurs when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels

Relies on glutamate or GABA

88
Q

metabotropic effect

A

occurs when neurotransmitters attach to a receptor and initiate a sequence of slower and longer lasting metabolic reactions

When they attach to a metabotropic receptor, it BENDS the receptor protein that goes through the membrane of the cell- allows a portion of the protein inside the neuron to react with other molecules

89
Q

___ effects include taste, smell, and pain

A

metabotropic

90
Q

neuromodulators

A

Release requires repeated stimulation

Release peptides trigger other neurons to release same neuropeptides

Diffuse widely and affect any neurons via metabotropic receptors

91
Q

duration of effects: neuropeptides vs neurotransmitters

A

neuropeptides: minutes

neurotransmitters: milliseconds

92
Q

place synthesized: neurotransmitters vs neuropeptides

A

neurotransmitters: presynaptic terminal

neuropeptide: cell body

93
Q

released by: neurotransmitters vs neuropeptides

A

neurotransmitter: single action potential

neuropeptides: repeated depolarization

94
Q

____ drugs attach to the same receptors as endorphins

A

opiate

95
Q

Stimulant drugs (amphetamine and cocaine) increase the release

A

dopamine from the presynaptic terminal

96
Q

negative feedback from the postsynaptic cell

Autoreceptors:

A

Autoreceptors: detect amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release

97
Q

negative feedback form the postsynaptic cell:

Postsynaptic neurons:

A

respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release

98
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

99
Q

PNS:

A

connects brain + spinal cord to rest of the body

100
Q

PNS breaks down into

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

101
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS

102
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls heart, intestines, and other organs

103
Q

autonomic nervous system breaks into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

104
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-prepares organs for rigorous activity

-Increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

-Release mostly norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

105
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses

-Composed of long axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves

-Release mostly acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

106
Q

the spinal cord communicates with…

A

the sense organs and muscles, except those of the head

107
Q

the spinal cord: entering ___ roots carry sensory info and exiting ___ roots carry motor info

A

entering dorsal roots

exiting ventral roots

108
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

109
Q

the spinal cord consists of 2 types of matter:

A

Grey matter: center of spinal cord; densely packed with cell bodies/dendrites

White matter: myelinated axons that carry info from grey matter to brain or other areas of the spinal cord

110
Q

occipital lobe

A

Posterior end of cortex

Responsible for visual input

111
Q

parietal lobe

A

Touch sensations and info from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors

Eye, head, and body positions from info from muscles/joints

Spatial information and numerical information

112
Q

temporal lobe

A

Lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples

Auditory information and essential for processing language

Aspects of vision, including movement and some emotion and motivation behaviors

113
Q

frontal lobe

A

Contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus

Higher functions

114
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

integration center for all sensory info

115
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex; control of fine movement

biological psychology (6 decks)

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