Ch. 2 details Flashcards
sherringtons concept of the synapse:
input produced excitation or inhibition- an on/off system
the channels controlled by a neurotransmitter are…
transmitter gated AKA ligand gated
most of the brains excitatory inotropic synapses use
glutamate
most of the inhibitory inotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter
GABA
the chemicals that effect metabotropic modulators are often called
neuromodulators
whereas ionotropic effects use glutamate or GABA, metabotroic synapses use many chemicals, including…
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (and neuropeptides)
the metabotropic synapse, by way of its …….., influences activity in much or all of the cell and over a longer time
second messenger
metabotropic system: bending the receptor protein detaches the _______, which is then free to take its energy elsewhere in that cell .
G protein
many hallucinogenic drugs chemically resemble ______
serotonin
opiates relieve pain by
acting on receptors in the brain
after the release of glutamate or GABA, specialized transporter proteins….
move the molecules back into the presynaptic cell (reuptake)
acetylcholine undergoes reuptake only when..
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks it into 2 fragments : acetate and choline
how do stimulant drugs (like amphetamine and cocaine) work?
they inhibit the transporters for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, decreasing reuptake and prolong their effects
how do autoreceptors provide negative feedback?
they inhibit further synthesis and release
how do reverse transmitters work?
they travel back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release of transmitters.
two reverse transmitters are…
anandamide and 2-AG
______ mimic the effect of reverse transmitters
cannabinoids
electrical synapses have evolved in cases where …. is important.
exact synchrony between cells
brains most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
brains most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
why does removing phenylalanine from circulation increase the serotonin in the brain?
Phenylaline and tryptophan compete for entry into the brain
Supposed you want to cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release a transmitter. How could you do so without an action potential?
inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal
What is a second messenger
A chemical released inside a cell after it is stimulated at a metabotropic synapse
What fact makes it possible to develop drugs with a limited effect, such as suppressing nausea?
Each transmitter attaches to more than one type of receptor
