ch. 3 details Flashcards
dorsal means
towards the back
ventral means
towards the stomach
______ carry sensory information
entering dorsal roots
_____ carry motor information
exiting ventral roots
neuron cluster outside the CNS is called a ____, and a cluster inside the CNS is called a _____.
gangion
nucleus
many neurons from the ___ matter of the spinal cord send axons to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord through the ___ matter
gray; white
the autonomic nervous system contains neurons that receive info from and send commands to the ______.
heart, intestines, and other organs
the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the __________ because..
craniosacral system because it consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord
because the parasympathetic ganglia are not linked to one another…
they act more independently than sympathetic ganglia do
the hindbrain is the ___ part of the brain, consisting of the ___________________.
posterior part
consists of medulla, pons, and cerebellum
the roof of the midbrain is called the
tectum
the swellings on each side of the tectum (in the midbrain) are the
superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
the superior and inferior colliculus are important for
sensory processing :
inferior- hearing
superior- vision
under the tectum (in the midbrain) is the
tegmentum
the __ is the most prominent brain area for mammals and birds
forebrain
the forebrain consists of
two cerebral hemispheres
the outer portion of the forebrain is called the
cerebral cortex
most sensory info goes first to the ____, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
damage to the ___ leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors
hypothalamus
damage to the ___ impairs movement, as in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and huntingotns disease
basal ganglia
beyond the role of movement, the basal ganglia is also important for…
gradual learning of skills and habits
the _____ is a key system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention
nucleus basalis
swollen blood vessels in the ___ produce headache pain
meninges
if one structure is on the left and another on the right, what is their relationship?
contralateral
what is a gyrus in the brain?
a bulge in the Cortex
function of ventral roots of the spinal cord
they control motor output
the side effect of most cold remedies show the effects of what?
the sympathetic nervous system
___ controls breathing, heart rate, and salivation
the cranial nerves
the hippocampus is part of the….
forebrain
what do the ventricles contain?
cerebrospinal fluid
the cels of the core are organized into ____ of cells perpendicular to the laminae
columns
the area of the ___ is grouped into 4 lobes
cortex
the __ lobe is at the posterior end of the cortex
occipital
a person with complete cortical blindness has…
normal eyes and pupillary reflexes, but no conscious visual perception and no visual imagery
occipital lobe: the eye provide the ____, the visual cortex provides the ____
stimulus; experience
the ___ lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus
parietal lobe
parietal lobe: the post central gyrus receives sensations from…
touch receptors, muscle-stretch receptors, and joint receptors
parietal lobe is essential for..
spatial information
numerical information
the ___ is the lateral portion of each hemisphere
temporal lobe
the area where the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe meet
the temporoparietal junction
the frontal lobe contains
the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
species with a larger cerebral cortex devote a larger percentage of it to the
prefrontal cortex
3 major regions of the prefrontal cortex
posterior region- movement
middle zone- cognitive control, emotions
anterior zone- decisions
the cerebral cortex has ___ laminae layers of neurons
6
the __ lobe processes body sensations. the post central gyrus contains ___representationsof the body
parietal; 4
which area occupies about the same % of the brain is almost all mammals?
the cerebellum
if a group of neurons have similar properties, what is probably true of them?
they are in the same column
where is the primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
which human cortical area is specialized for hearing, language, and face recognition?
temporal lobe
where is the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
ablation
removal of a brain area
lesions (damage) are made by
stereotaxi instruments
an ___ is useful for distinguishing between wakefulness and various stages of sleep
EEG
____ help detect tumors and other abnormalties
CAT scans
___ and ___ used to correlate brain anatomy with behavior
CAT and MRI
