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ESS 106 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Magma

A

Partially molten material (melted rock, crystals, dissolved gases) that solidifies when cooled. It is stored under Earth’s crust.

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2
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface.

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3
Q

Igneous Rock & Their Types

A

Formed by crystallization from a molten material.

Intrusive - cool and crystallize before reaching surface

Extrusive - erupt on Earth surface

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4
Q

Dike

A

Intrusive Igneous feature that cute through surrounding rock.

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5
Q

When magma cools SLOWLY, what does it create?

A

Granite

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6
Q

When magma cools QUICKLY, what does it create?

A

Mixed texture (porphyritic)

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7
Q

What are the three manifestations of Igneous Rock and their examples?

A

Intrusive - Granite

Extrusive-Effusive - Obsidian

Extrusive-Explosive - Rhyolite

Extensive means they form at erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures.

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8
Q

Three Compositions of Magma & Their Associations

A

Basalt - shield volcanoes, flood basalts, monogenetic fields, pillow basalts, ocean floor volcanoes.

Andesite- Stratovolcanoes

Rhyolite - Large Calderas

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9
Q

What does Felsic vs. Mafic Rock Types mean?

A

Mafic- contains less silica (Basalt)

Felsic - more silica (Rhyolite)

(Intermediate: Andesite)

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10
Q

What is the importance of silica in rock types and lava?

A

Mafic - hotter temperatures; increases viscosity and flow; effusive eruption (less dissolved gas)

Felsic - cooler temperatures; explosive eruptions (more dissolved gas)

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11
Q

Basalt & Its Characteristics

A

Dark-colored; Most common type in Earth’s Crust, Least Explosive

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12
Q

What are the two types of Basalt Lava Flows?

A

Aa Flow - Rough
Pahoehoe- Smoother

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13
Q

Andesite/Dacite and it’s Characteristics

A

Grey to black; more crystals; small flows; pyroclastic flows

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14
Q

Rhyolite & It’s Characteristics

A

Mostly silica; many eruptive products (obsidian); highly explosive eruptions; lava flows less common; slow

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15
Q

How is rock melted ? How is magma produced ?

A
  1. Add H2O (contaminant)
    It lowers melting temperature. Water is added from subducting crust. Do not need a lot of it !
  2. Decompress Rock (Lower Pressure)
    — Take something deep in mantle and bring towards surface.
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16
Q

Mantle & What is it made of ?

A

Solid bulk of Earth’s interior that lies between Earth’s core and crust.

It is made out of Peridotite.

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17
Q

What does melting the mantle produce?

A

Magma—Directly Basalt !

Changes in pressure in crust turns Basalt magma into other types.

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18
Q

Plate

A

Region in Earth’s surface moving uniform together

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19
Q

Plate Tectonic

A

Theory that major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s plates movement

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20
Q

Why is Inge Lehman important ?

A

Discovered Earth’s inner core is solid

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21
Q

Volcanism

A

Manifestation of heat and mass transfer from the inner Earth to its crust, oceans, and atmosphere

22
Q

7 Major Plates

A

Pacific, North American, African, Eurasian, South American, Australian, and Antarctic plate are the major plates that make up 94% of Earth surface.

23
Q

How do we recognize plate motion?

A

Sea floor Mapping: belts are created by magnetic field reversing (change in polarity) showing sea-floor spreading through plate motion.

24
Q

What is the Geological evidence of Plate Tectonics?

A

Mountain belts and rock types of continents match.

Fossils found where continents fit.

25
Hotspot Track
Island chains/volcano chains that form as tectonic plates move over a plume of hot mantle (hotspot) rising deep from Earth.
26
What drives Plate Tectonics?
Radioactive Decay
27
Ring of Fire
String of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity or earthquakes around edges of Pacific Ocean.
28
How does Earth release heat?
Plates are tug apart at subduction zones through slab pull. Plates pushed apart at spreading ridges, enhancing subduction through slab pull. Cold slab sinks into mantle, enhancing convection and promotions hot material to rise up.
29
Subduction Zone
Where plates overlap at convergent boundaries.
30
Subduction System of Volcanic Arcs
Dense, thin oceanic plate is bent and sinks into mantle and de-waters. This water goes into mantle and starts mantle-melting. This creates VOLCANOES
31
What does Subduction create?
Oceanic trenches
32
Island Arcs
Volcanic island chain formed as one oceanic plate subducts another, it melts, causing magma to rise. Older plates and denser therefore tending to be the ones subducted.
33
VEI
A scale based on VOLUME of eruptive products (“stuff”) Greater VEI tends to have greater plume height and volume, less explosive
34
What causes increase in silica in other magma types?
As basalt cools and enters crust, crystals are produced. These crystals remove oxides from magma. They eventually sink to floor or grow on walls, making proportion of silica GREATER.
35
What affects lava viscosity?
Both Silica AND Water Silica form tetrahedrons chains—mainly chains cause higher viscosity. When water is added to tetrahedron chains, it decreases viscosity by breaking the chains.
36
What are examples of controls of viscosity?
Temperature: higher temp. ー> low viscocity Dissolved Gas: high gas ー> low viscosity Number of bubbles and crystals: High ー> High Viscosity
37
Viscosity
Stickiness/ Ability to respond to stress/pressure
38
What are the Eruption categories
1. Effusive- Pouring Out (Hawaiian) 2. Explosive
39
Five Types of Explosive Eruption Styles
1. Phreatic 2. Strombolian 3. Vulcanian 4. Dome Collapse 5. Plinian
40
Phreatic Eruptions
Caused by interactions of water and heated volcanic rock. Steam Explosions ! (Hard to predict)
41
Strombolian Eruptions
Intermittent fountaining of basaltic lava form a single vent. Gas plugs firm; Rises to Top of Magma Column, Depressurizes, Burst Explodes Stringy, Fireworky ! Forms Steep-sides Volcanoes; “Pele’s hair”, Aa flows ALWAYS BASALTIC
42
Vulcanian Eruptions
Intermittent vigorous explosion producing ash columns; gas runs eruption since dissolved gas cannot escape Many overlapping small centers; more viscous
43
Dome Collapse
Dome growth and collapse on volcano’s flank; generates pyroclastic flows Locally catastrophic !
44
Plinian Eruptions
Large explosive events that send enormous columns of ash into stratosphere. Distribute ash significant distances from volcano and elevation; can influence weather on global scale Most well known explosive type. Hazardous to aircraft!
45
Activity versus Volcano Position in Hawaii
As volcanoes move Northwest, they become less active since they are no longer over Hawaiian hotspot.
46
What are the Hawaiian islands composed of?
Multiple Volcanoes, Summits (Top of Volcano), and Rift Zones
47
Rift Zone
Area where volcano is splitting apart; tends to be set of linear cracks
48
What causes Rift Systems in Volcanoes?
Spreading of volcano as it settles. Easiest pathway for magma to travel underground from summit.
49
Two Rift Zones in Kilauea
East Rift Zone and Southwest Rift Zone
50
What are East Rift Zone and Southwest Rift Zone associated with?
Fissure Eruptions, Fire Fountain, Lava Rivers and Flows, Lava Lakes, Cinder Cones, Shield Volcanoes
51
Shield Volcanoes & How They’re Formed
Broad Volcano with gentle sloping sides. Formed by fluid basaltic lava flows (made of layers of basaltic lava flow) Examples: Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

ESS 106 (13 decks)

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