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Populations Course > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 principles of Public Health Nursing?

A
  • population = patient
  • greatest good for the greatest amount of people
  • patient is an equal partner
  • priority = Primary prevention
  • focus on strategies so pop. can thrive
  • reach out to benefitters of a service
  • use of resources and new EBP
  • collaboration with other professions
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2
Q

What is the social determinants of health?

A

specific social conditions that impact the extent of a person/community’s possession of the physical, social, and personal resources that are necessary to maintain health. If they don’t it results in a health disparity.

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3
Q

What are the changes/achievements we have seen in the 21st century?

A

-vaccination
-MV safety
-decline in CHD and stroke
-family planning
-tobacco is a hazard
-technology
-healthcare disparities

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4
Q

What are the educational requirements for public health nursing?

A

BSN and Certification

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5
Q

What is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

A

Provides affordable and quality healthcare and insurance coverage to most Americans

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6
Q

What are the ethical principles that were established by the ANA’s Code of Ethics?

A
  • compassion and respect
  • primary commitment to the patient
  • protect rights/advocacy
  • provide optimal care
  • owes the same duties to self
  • improves ethical environment
  • advances profession
  • collaborate with others
  • integrate principles of social justice
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7
Q

What are some community health risks?

A
  • child/mother undernutrition (iron, vit A, zinc)
  • obesity
  • addictive substances
  • sexual/reproductive
  • environmental (unsanitary, poor hygiene)
  • poor access to care
  • natural disasters
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8
Q

What is a strategy that target specific health problems?

A

Health Promotion (includes all three levels of prevention)

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9
Q

Example of specific health problem strategy (primary prevention)?

A

patient at risk of heart disease because of family history,
Evaluate personal risks

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10
Q

Example of specific health problem strategy (secondary prevention)?

A

patient at risk for or who already have diabetes,
assisted in weight loss and managing cardiac risk factors

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11
Q

Example of specific health problem strategy (tertiary prevention)?

A

Patient in recovery from heart attack, angioplasty of heart surgery,
Rehabilitation programs and provide information about lifestyle changes to prevent reoccurence

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12
Q

What are strategies that increase health recommendations to a patient?

A

establish a supportive learning environment, promote effective questioning (Ask me 3), use EBP, Review key points

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13
Q

What is the key communication approach to a patient’s behavior with health risks?

A

Motivational Interviewing (directs patient to examine and resolve ambivalence by letting patient take the lead)

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14
Q

What is the Theory of reasoned action?

A

behavior model, a person’s intention to perform a behavior determines the individual’s performance of the behavior (think of smoking cessation when the patient believes they can’t give it up)

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15
Q

What are the epidemiologic transitions?

A
  • high mortality due to poor health and epidemics
  • decline in mortality due to epidemics become less frequent
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16
Q

What does it mean to be a culturally competent nurse?

A

considers health, illness and treatment culturally for all patients and during each stage of the nursing process

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17
Q

What are some cultural beliefs and behaviors?

A
  • attribution of illness
  • diet
  • Communication methods
  • Roles
  • Religion
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18
Q

What is the concept of culture

A

Dynamic, Shared, Learned

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19
Q

What are some behaviors and health practices?

A

patient encounters should always be held in the fluent language
Eye contact (child to authority shows disrespect in Chinese culture) (American is the opposite)
Personal space (Italians close together)
In Asian and Latin cultures the family makes the treatment plan
Faith healing

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20
Q

What is the role of the community health nurse?

A

evaluates quality of care, maintains competency, ethical practice

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21
Q

What is the role of the home care?

A

continuum of care that patients can live and move through experiences of subacute, chronic and end-of-life care

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22
Q

What is the role of case management?

A

development and coordination of care for a selected patient and family

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23
Q

What is the role of the care management?

A

coordination of a plan or process to bring health services together

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24
Q

What is a hospital-based agency?

A

Not freestanding in the community, many specialty services offered

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25
Q

What is a proprietary agency?

A

motivated by a for-profit philosophy

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26
Q

What is a voluntary agency?

A

motivated by a not-for-profit philosophy

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27
Q

What are official agencies?

A

exists under local, state, or federal legislation, supported by taxes

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28
Q

What is the health services criteria?

A

homebound, a plan of care, skilled needs, intermittent care needs, and necessity

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29
Q

What is the function of medicare?

A

program for people 65 or older, under 65 with certain disabilities and all ages with ESRD

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30
Q

What is the function of medicaid?

A

program for low-income adults, children, pregnant women, the elderly and the disabled

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31
Q

What is the function of tricare?

A

funds for military personnel and their dependents

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32
Q

What is the function of CHIP?

A

provide no-low cost health coverage for eligible children in families that earn too much to qualify for medicaid

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33
Q

What is the function of Veterans Administration?

A

funds for those who are currently serving or have served in the armed services

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34
Q

What is information management and technology in healthcare?

A

telehealth, use of electronic information and communications to support long-distance clinical healthcare

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35
Q

What kind of medications do you give to a palliative care patient and how do you manage it depending on their liver function?

A

NSAIDs/ Acetaminophen for pain
-Normal liver = 4g or less daily
-Liver disease or Hx of alcohol use = less than 3g daily

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36
Q

What are the effects/use of opioid analgesics in the dying stages of life?

A

Codeine, Morphine, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl
-prevents the release of chemicals involved in pain transmission
-Tolerance occurs overtime and higher doses will be needed

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37
Q

Pharmacologic management of a hospice patient is?

A

drugs administered routinely (not PRN) to prevent the patient from having to wait for pain relief
- Mild Pain = adjuvant drugs (muscle relaxants)
- Moderate Pain = low dose of opioids + adjuvants
- Severe Pain = high dose of opioids

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38
Q

Non-Pharmacologic management of a hospice patient is?

A

-glass of warm milk to promote sleep
-back rub
-change position
-peaceful music
-listening
-spiritual needs

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39
Q

What are the comfort measures you can provide to a hospice patient?

A

nursing interventions that improve pain, function, or quality of life and allow death to occur naturally while maximizing comfort

40
Q

What are the measures taken during the death and dying process?

A
  • Comfort measures only
  • Advanced directives
  • Aid in thoughts of: dying, long painful death, loneliness, incontinence, financial costs
    -explain the physiological processes that occur
41
Q

What is a community assessment with an epidemiologic approach?

A

assesses the health needs and assets of the community by creating a comprehensive profile that uses epidemiologic statistical methods (rates) such as:
- demographic data
- vital statistics
- data from community members

42
Q

What did John Graunt do?

A

more males infants were born than females but more men died than women, “Bills of Mortality”

43
Q

What did William Farr do?

A

Father of modern statistics, developed morality surveillance systems, compared death rates in: occupations, gender and imprisonment

44
Q

What did John Snow do?

A

research on transmission of cholera, removed the drinking water pump handle to stop the spread

45
Q

What did Florence Nightingale do?

A

initiated sanitary reforms, demonstrated contagious diseases were the primary cause of mortality

46
Q

What does the natural history of disease consist of?

A

integrates the pathogenesis of an illness with primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures
- Primary -> initial interactions of agent, host and environment
- Secondary ->responses within the host occur
- Tertiary -> rehabilitation

47
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in populations.

48
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad?

A

the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the host, agent, and environment, not by any single factor

49
Q

What is the wheel of causation?

A

emphasizes the interplay of physical, biologic and social environments as the cause of disease rather than just the agent

50
Q

What is the Web of causation?

A

emphasizes the concept of multiple causation as the cause of disease rather than the role of agents

51
Q

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

A

Primary (preventing onset)
Secondary (preventing resulting disabilities)
Tertiary (prevent low functioning through rehab)

52
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

agent -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> means of transmission -> portal of entry -> host -> agent

53
Q

What are some STI risks?

A
  • no barriers
  • illicit IV drug use
  • multiple sexual partners
  • inadequate testing for STIs
54
Q

What are community influences that affect health?

A
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Access to care
  • Social support
  • Education
  • Conditions
55
Q

What is a carrier?

A

person or animal that harbors an infectious organism and transmits to others without having symptoms of the disease

56
Q

What is the incubation period of infection?

A

time period between initial contact with agent and the appearance of symptoms
- Norovirus: 12-48 hours
- Influenza: 24-72 hours

57
Q

What are the components in the chain of infection?

A
  • agent = produces disease
  • reservoir = evniornement
  • portal of exit = part of the body
  • transmission = route the infection leaves and infects host
  • portal of entry = part of the body
  • host = new reservoir
58
Q

What is the component of program design?

A

define the population of interest, form a coalition, get stakeholders and opinion leaders involved
Model = the 5 W’s

59
Q

How do you evaluate a program’s strengths and weaknesses?

A

through community health assessment via existing data and using the 5 W’s for collecting new data

60
Q

What is cultural humility?

A

requires nurses to continually self-evaluate and critique their own cultural assumptions and advocate for their patients in a non paternalistic way

61
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

tendency of people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do and view their way of doing things and their culture are superior

62
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

considering cultural aspects of health, illness, and treatment for each patient and during each stage of the nursing progress

63
Q

What is cross-cultural nursing?

A

the nurse and patient have different cultures

64
Q

What is culture?

A

knowledge, values, practices, customs, beliefs of a group

65
Q

What is subculture?

A

any group of people who share a certain can share a smaller culture

66
Q

What is a religious group?

A

spiritual beliefs that can be considered a subculture

67
Q

What is upstream interventional change?

A

at a societal, environmental, or policy level

68
Q

What is mainstream interventional change ?

A

at the population or community level

69
Q

What is downstream interventional change?

A

at the individual level

70
Q

What is change theory?

A

theories of health behavior change at the individual, family, and community level

71
Q

What is Lewin’s model of change?

A

envisions planned organizational change as a three-step process of unfreezing, changing and refreezing

72
Q

What is force field analysis?

A

identifying factors that are driving/ reinforcing change as well as restraining/ resisting change

73
Q

What is levers of change?

A

leverage points that increase driving forces and/or decrease restraining forces that are identified in force field analysis

74
Q

What are disaster priorities to provide the most community care?

A

use of detailed client databases allows nurses to link environmental exposures to illness and disease

75
Q

What is subjective data?

A

information that comes form opinions, perceptions, or experiences (from the patient)

76
Q

What is objective data?

A

information from research intervention performed (facts/results)

77
Q

What is cognitive analysis?

A

study of human cognitive functions to gain insight on how people think, learn, remember, and make decisions

78
Q

What is valid data?

A

information that reliably measures what is intended to be measured

79
Q

What is the asset-based assessment?

A

attention is directed to community strengths and resources as a primary approach to community assessment

80
Q

What is the epidemiologic model?

A

assesses using data collected from descriptions and statistical relationships to evaluate the level of health and well-being within a community to address needs

81
Q

What is the collaborative model?

A

assessment that begins with planning that includes representative parties of a population

82
Q

What is the functional health pattern?

A

evaluates patterns of behaviors of community dwellers that occur sequentially across time

83
Q

How do you educate the community on specific health issues and provide services?

A

educate on specific diseases and the risks that are obtainable. Provide access to preventative health services and screenings

84
Q

What is the retrospective study?

A

work backward in time study - from the effect to the suspected cause

85
Q

What is the randomized control group study?

A

assigned to treatment conditions at random, procedures are controlled to ensure that all participants in all study groups are treated the same except for the intervention that they recieve

86
Q

What is the quasi experimental study?

A

study with limited control where the subjects cannot be randomly assigned to a intervention, researcher can still manipulate the dependent variable

87
Q

What is the experimental study?

A

random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups, therapeutic trials

88
Q

In an experimental study what is the control group?

A

group randomly assigned to take the placebo

89
Q

In an experimental study what is the treatment group?

A

the group randomly assigned to take the treatment

90
Q

In an experimental study what is the intervention?

A

the treatment given to the treatment group

91
Q

In an experimental study what is the placebo?

A

the “fake” treatment given to the control group

92
Q

What is a rate?

A

primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group in a time period

93
Q

What is a ratio?

A

fraction that is the relationship between two numbers

94
Q

What is relative risk ratio?

A

ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non exposed group

95
Q

What is specific rate?

A

detailed rates using the number of people in a smaller subgroup (age, sex)

96
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

ability of a test to correctly identify people who have a health problem

97
Q

What are the 3 steps in Lewin’s change theory?

A

1- Unfreeze = what needs change (gradual or rapid)
2- Change = empower action to take place
3- Refreezing = anchor/ sustain the changes

Populations Course (3 decks)

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