Exam 1 Flashcards
Systematic data collection, analysis, and monitoring of health problems and needs in population (includes monitoring the population health status and providing/disseminating information about the health of the community)
Assessment
Refers to a group of individuals living within the same geographical area, such as a town or neighborhood or a group of individuals who share some other common denominator such as ethnicity or religious orientation
Community
A collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics. They share at least one characteristic such as age, gender, ethnicity, residence, or a shared health issue such as HIV/AIDS or breast cancer. The common denominator or shared characteristic may or may not be a shared geography or other link recognized by the individuals within that population.
Population
Manage acute or chronic conditions among individual clients and families. Care is family centered and the setting is community based. Setting specific practice, care is provided where people live, work, and attend school.
Community based nurses
Aim to prevent disease and disability; promote, protect, and maintain health. Focus is on “health care” of individuals, families, and groups in community as a whole. Provide healthcare to promote quality of life. Do community diagnosis, health surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of community and population as well as coordination of healthcare, disease prevention, health promotion, health education.
Community oriented nurses
The first public health nurse and is the founder of public health nursing (established the Henry street settlement house in 1893 and the visiting nurse service of NYC)
Lillian Wald
Made contributions to public health nursing and was the founder of the frontier nursing service
Mary Breckinridge
The founder of modern day nursing and is known for her work to improve care on the battlefield during the Crimean War and in hospitals
Florence Nightingale
Provides 10 year measurable public health objectives. Vision: “A society in which all people achieve their full potential for health and well being across the lifespan”. Mission: “To promote and evaluate the nation’s efforts to improve the health and well being of its people”.
Healthy People 2030
To be the premier health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency in the US and a global leader in public health
CDC
Health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
Population health
A skill the nurse develops in learning to respect individual dignity and preferences, as well as acknowledging cultural differences
Cultural competency
An understanding that awareness about one’s own culture is an ongoing process, and an acknowledgment that we must approach others as equals, with respect for their prevailing beliefs and cultural norms
Cultural humility
Categorizes groups of people based on superficial criteria such as skin color, physical characteristics, and parentage
Race
Includes shared geographical origin, language or dialect, religious faith, folklore, food preferences, and culture
Ethnicity
Conditions and circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. Circumstances are shaped by a set of forces beyond the control of the individual; economics and the distribution of money, power, social policies, and politics at the global, national, state, and local levels
Social determinants of health
A testing of groups of individuals who are at risk for certain conditions (they’re usually asymptomatic, this isn’t a diagnostic test). This is a key component in secondary prevention.
Screenings
The ability of the instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials
Reliability (consistency or repeatability)
The degree to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
Validity (accuracy)
The thinking domain- thinking through information and be able to comprehend it (1/3 of the domains of learning)
Cognitive
The feeling domain- involves the client’s feelings regarding values, attitudes, and beliefs (2/3 of the domains of learning)
Affective
The doing domain- the physical or mental activities required to learn skills (domains of learning)
Psychomotor
The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
Health literacy
Strategic plan to improve a community’s health. Assesses health by collecting data, analyzing data, using data.
Community Assessment
Health status- biostatistics (mortality, morbidity, other indicators of health), structure of the community (demographics, culture, services and resources available, environment), competence (effective community functioning), effective community functioning/community competence (commitment to the community, conflict containment and accommodation (working together), participation interaction, decision making, management of the relationships with society, participation (use of local services), self/other awareness, effective communication)
Components of community assessment
Gather information, identification of areas in need of improvement, document needs and gaps in service, provide baseline data, identify potential resources, help to establish a vision and goals and strategies to meet community needs, build consensus and buy in to change, increase a community’s readiness and ability to change by promoting collaboration among partners, identify benchmarks to measure progress in meeting goals, provide information for problem and asset identification and policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation
Community assessment uses
Needs versus assets, maximize on strengths, community based participatory research, asset mapping/assessment (people, places, systems, focuses on effectiveness not deficiencies, empowers people, builds working together and relying on one another, uses everyone’s talents), community based participatory research (CBPR) (engagement of community members as full partners in an assessment, collaborative (interest, knowledge, expertise)
Concepts of community assessments
Comprehensive assessment (collection of data about populations living in a community, look at assets, unmet needs and opportunities for improvement), population focused assessment (larger group or aggregate, shares at least one similar characteristic/issue, can focus on a specific age group, gender or health issue), setting specific assessment (focused on specific setting), problem or health issue based assessment (focus on specific problem or health issue, analysis of data determines who is at risk), health impact assessment (provide advice to community on optimizing its health by identifying the potential effects on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects within the population), rapid needs assessment (measure present and potential public health impact of an emergency), primary community assessment (windshield survey)
Types of assessments
When the nursing focus is the collective or common good of the population not individual health, highlight the complexity of the change process. The nursing goal is to improve the health of the collective, usually an ongoing series of healthy changes, not a fixed state- most effectively achieved through partnerships. Nurses may work with individuals; families; other interacting groups, aggregates, or institutions; or within a population (direct nursing care can be part of population focused community health practice- but the resulting changes/goals are intended to affect the whole community).
Community as a client
The process that helps communities to understand how to move from where they are to where they would like them to be. It’s a multistep process (defining the problem, creating a plan, feedback, evaluation), planning occurs at all levels (local, state, federal, global), is one of 10 essential public health services and should occur in every community. Building community capacity can increase quality of life, promote long term community health, and increase community resilience. Health people 2020 provides a tool for community health planning.
Community program planning
Process evaluation (investigates the process of delivering the program or technology and looks at alternative delivery procedures), includes detailed information on how the program actually worked, any changes made to the program, and how those changes have impacted the program. Summative evaluation occurs at the end of the program (evaluation of the objectives and the goal).
Types of program evaluations
