Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Prokaryotic Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbe

A

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

supersized microbial cells

A

some species of protists grow to sizes large enough to see with the unaided eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microbial communities

A

complex, multicellular assemblages i.e. mushrooms, kelps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

virus

A

a noncellular particle containing genetic material that takes over the metabolism of a cells to generate more virus particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Florence Nightengale

A
  • founder of professional nursing and the science of medical statistics
  • used methods by the French to prove the high mortality rate due to disease among British soldiers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • built a compound microscope
  • saw nematodes
  • never saw single cell bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A
  • first to observe single-cell microbes (really)
  • saw lice/fleas and single cell protists and algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the theory that under current earth conditions life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spallanzani

A
  • showed a sealed flask of meat brother sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes
  • also demonstrated cell fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pasteur

A
  • addressed spontaneous generation
  • revealed biochemical basis of microbial growth
  • found metabolic preference for one mirror image of a molecule over another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fermentaion

A

the production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, using organic compounds as both electron donors and acceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pasteur discovered _____ is caused by _____ in the swan neck experiemtn

A

fermentation, yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tyndall

A
  • performed similar experiment to Pasteur but found opposite result
  • hay infused broth gave rise to endospores
  • lead to autoclave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endospore

A

heat resistant form of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

germ theory of disease

A

the theory that many disease are caused by microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chain of infection

A

the serial passage of a pathogenic organism from and infected individual to a healthy one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pure culture

A

a culture containing only a single strain of species of microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

colony

A

a visible cluster of microbes on a plate, all derived from a single founding microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Koch’s postulates (4)

A
  1. the microbe is found in all cases of the disease but is absent from healthy individuals
  2. the microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. when the microbe is introduced into a healthy individual, the host shows the same disease
  4. he same strain shows the same characteristics as before
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

antiseptic

A

a chemical that kills microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lister

A
  • started using antiseptic agents to treat wounds and surgical instruments
  • developed fully antiseptic environment
  • antiseptics, if ingested, killed patients so it lead to the search for antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lithotroph

A

organisms that feed solely on inorganic minerals, aka demolithotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Winogradsky

A
  • among the first to study microbes in natural habitats
  • discovered lithotrophs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

enrichment culture

A

the use of selective growth media to only allow certain microbes to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Winogradsky column

A

a glass tube containing a stratified environment that causes specific microbes to grow at specific levels

26
Q

geochemical cycling

A

the interconversion of various organic and inorganic forms of elements

27
Q

extremophiles

A

an organism that only grows in an extreme (to humans) environment

28
Q

endosymbiosis

A

an intimate association between different species in which one partner population grows within the body of another organism

29
Q

biofilm

A

a community of microbes growing on a solid surface

30
Q

microbiome

A

the total community of microbes associated with and organism or defined habitat

31
Q

two early challenges in classifying microbes

A
  1. the resolution of the light microscope visualized little more than the outward shape of microbes
  2. microbes do not readily fit into the classic definition of a species (a group of organisms that interbreed)
32
Q

Haeckle proposed a third branch for microbes called _____

A

monera

33
Q

Herbert Copeland divided Monera into two groups…..

A

eukaryotic protists and prokaryotic bacteria

34
Q

Robert Whittaker added _____ as a fifth kingdom

A

fungi

35
Q

Carl Woose

A

discovered archaea

36
Q

chemiosmotic theory

A

the products of oxidative metabolism store their energy in an electrochemical gradient that can drive cellular processes like ATP synthesis

37
Q

resolution

A

smallest distance that two object can be separated and still be distinguished as separate objects

38
Q

focus (foci)

A

the point in which rays of energy; in light microscopy, the convergence of light rays maximizes the clarity of the optical image

39
Q

fovea

A

portion of the retina where photoreceptors are packed in high density

40
Q

cones

A

detect primary colors

41
Q

detection

A

the ability to determine the presence of an object

42
Q

bacilli (sing. bacillus)

A

a rod shaped bacterial or archaeal cell

43
Q

cocci (sing. coccus)

A

a spherically shaped bacterial or archaeal cell

44
Q

spirochete

A

a bacterium with a tight, flexible, spiral shape

45
Q

how is the spiral form of spirochetes maintained?

A

internal axial filaments and flagella, as well as an outer sheath

46
Q

light microscope

A

resolves images by their absorption of light

47
Q

techniques of light microscopy (3)

A

fluorescence, dark-field, and phase contrast

48
Q

electron micrscopy

A

uses beams of electrons to resolve details several order of magnitude smaller than light microscopy

49
Q

xray crystallography

A

detects the interference patterns of xrays entering the crystal lattice of a molecule; from the patter researchers build a computational model

50
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

energy radiating in the form of alternating electrical and magnetic waves, quantized in photons

51
Q

resolution requires (3)

A
  1. contrast between the object and its surrounding
  2. wavelengths shorter/smaller than the object
  3. magnification
52
Q

absorption

A

object gains photos energy

53
Q

refelction

A

wavefront redirect from the surface of the object

54
Q

fluorescence

A

emission of light from a molecule that absorbed light of higher, shorter wavelength

55
Q

refraction

A

light bends as it enters a substance and slows its speed

56
Q

scattering

A

a portion of the wave length is converted to a spherical wave

57
Q

refraction index

A

the degree to which a substance causes the refraction of light; a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in another medium

58
Q

empty magnification

A

magnification without and increase in resolution

59
Q

interference

A

interaction of two wavefronts; can be additive if in phase or subtractive if out of phase

60
Q
A

Prokaryotic Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions