Exam 1 Flashcards
Gettysburg Address
Short speech given by Abraham Lincoln following the battle of Gettysburg. In it, he references the Declaration of Independence, stating “all men are created equal”. Thus giving the Civil war the meaning of the end of slavery, not just the preservation of the union.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 By Lincoln. Frees slaves in the states that had succeeded from the union. Started the movement to make the war about slavery, but not entirely.
Reconstruction
(1865-1877) Process of putting the union back together following the Civil War. The federal govt. oversaw southern affairs. Empowered African Americans.
Redemption
The process of white southern Democrats regaining control of the state govt. using violence and intimidation. A return to “home rule” at the expense of African Americans Civil Rights.
Black Codes
1865-66. Codes created by Southern States to control Freed-people. The codes enumerated the rights of marriage, contracts, property ownership, and limited access to the legal system. However, they also implemented pass laws, vagrancy laws, anti-enticement laws (limited wages), yearly contracts, and restrictive job codes.
Freedmans Bureau
Worked to negotiate the structure of labor for freedmen. Negotiated conflict. Supported a free market.
14th Amendment
July 9, 1869. Prohibited the state from discriminating based on race.
Share cropping
The division of plantation lands into a plot that freedpeople could farm on. The family would have to give a share of the crop to the plantation owner as “rent.” Black families found this to be better than wage labor.
Cruikshank v. United States
Ruled that the 14th Amendment applies to state action and NOT individuals. The state has to give equal protection, but people do not. Thus, people can be racist. 1876
Mississippi Plan
(1874). Violent groups murder and threaten Black people to prevent them from voting. Ensured that Souther Democrats won the election.
Compromise of 1877
Samuel Tilden (D) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (R). Tilden “won” the election with serious fraud allegations. A deadlock ensued. To Compromise: Hayes wins, BUT agrees to: withdraw all federal troops in the south, place one Southerner in his cabinet, and stay out of southern affairs. MARKS THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
Fort Laramie Treaty 1851
Attempt to stop conflict between migrants and indigenous people. Gave settlers the right to cross the plains. divided plains into Native American Jurisdictions. Paid annuities for lost game.
ALSO SEEN AS US RECOGNIZING SIOUX AS GROWING POWER
Sand Creek Massacre
Late Nov. 1864. U.S troops raid Sand Creek Camp and killed 135 Natives. This provoked region wide retaliation. Started the unsuccessful Plains Indian Campaign by U.S troops.
Dawes Severalty Act
- Forces Native Americans to take up agriculture. They move from reservations to allotments, therefore losing lots of land.
Wounded Knee
Massacre of 150-300 Natives. In part due to the Ghost Dance
Buffalo Bill Cody
American Soldier, Hunter, and Showman. Saw the frontier as a very violent place.
Fredrick Jackson Turner
Belief that frontier defined American freedom, democracy, and values. However, he forgets the voices of Natives, as well as women or African Americans.
Union Stockyards
Where cattle was driven through Chicago. Housed thousands of animals. There were associated meat packing plants. Puts local butchers out of business.
Chicago Board of Trade
1848: Mechanized the grain trade by creating grain standards into 3 types and 4 qualities. Farmers would give their grain to an elevator and get it typed and quality. Then they would receive a receipt so they could sell that type of grain later.
Munn v. Illinois
1877: Decision: grain elevators are “clothed in public trust” so states can regulate them. Precedent for future govt. regulation.
The great Railroad Strike of 1877
Factors: Overbuilding caused a recession causing lower wages and reduced work week. People began to strike. State militias violently put down strikes.
The Corporation
Separates managers from owners. Creates a white collar class.
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
Scientific Management. Time and motion studies on how to make work faster. Causing workers to be more productive but not receive more pay.
The Assembly Line
Pioneered by Henry Ford’s Highland park Plant in 1913. -Mechanized -lowered production costs -doubled wages to lower turnover.
Subtreasury plan
Proposed system of federal crop storage facilities. Would allow farmers to store crops and get a loan for 80% of crops value. Therefore boosting the rural economy and allows farmers to avoid private elevators.
Omaha Platform
The govt. is corrupt.
-state ownership of railroads and telegraphs
-8 hour day
-land restriction
Election 1896
Jennings Bryan: Democrat and Populist ticket. McKinley win and populism fades out.
American Federation of Labor
1886 Led Gompers. Skilled workers. They accept Capitalism. Exclusive to white people. Non-partisan. NO FEDERAL REGULATION. UNIONS SHOULD NEGOTIATE.
Liberty of Contract
Right of individuals to make contract without interference
Pullman Strike
1894:Raise rent and utility without raising wages. Strike breaks out. Govt. sides with Pullman. Charges Union with obstruction of mail.
