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Exotics > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pterylae

A

feathered tracts

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2
Q

apteria

A

featherless tracts

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3
Q

Why do birds have a thin integument?

A

Reduce body weight for flight

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4
Q

T or F: Feather quality is directly related to bird health

A

TRUE

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5
Q

use oil from this gland to condition feathers (not present in all brids)

A

Preen gland

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6
Q

bone plates inside of eyes

A

scleral ossicles

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7
Q

Why are birds spines fused in multiple areas?

A

to give rigidity for flight

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8
Q

coracoid(s)

A

really strong bone from shoulder to sternum to support flight

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9
Q

reasons for poor quality feathers

A

nutritional deficiencies
liver disease
skin disease
poor grooming
cage mates

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10
Q

how is body condition done in birds?

A

based on pectoral muscles
less muscle/fat on keel = poor body condition

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11
Q

bone that comes off of the sternum in birds

A

keel

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12
Q

cleft in bird palate, open to nasal cavity in birds

A

choana

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13
Q

opening at base of tongue in birds

A

glottis

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14
Q

where sound is produced

A

syrinx

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15
Q

pneumatized bones (4)

A

bones that have a connection to the air sacs
(humeri, femurs, ribs, sternum)

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16
Q

how do you asphyxiate a bird?

A

sternal compression

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17
Q

what is considered respiratory compromise in birds?

A

loss of air sac volume

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18
Q

where are birds oviduct?

A

single ovary and oviduct on the left side

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19
Q

where are the testes in birds?

A

internal

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20
Q

bird species that have a phallus

A

duck, geese, swan

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21
Q

dilation of the esophagus, food storage

A

crop

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22
Q

glandular portion of the stomach

A

proventriculus

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23
Q

grinding muscular part of the stomach, “gizzard”

A

ventriculus

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24
Q

common exit chamber of reproductive, urinary, and GI systems

A

cloaca

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25
Q

where does the cloaca open?

A

at the vent

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26
Q

legalities of ownership vary by:

A

state, county, city, breed

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27
Q

who regulates the legalities of ownership?

A

US Fish and Game

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28
Q

where to get exotic pets

A

breeders
pet stores
re-homing
secondary vendors
capture

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29
Q

basic resources

A

food
water
light
temperature

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30
Q

a birds foot should wrap around _______ of the perch

A

3/4

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31
Q

considerations for cage positioning

A

socializing with other birds
protection from potential predators
away from aerosolized chemicals (sensitive respiratory system)

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32
Q

non-specific sick bird signs (5)

A

fluffed feathers
closed eyes
tucking head under wing
staying at bottom of cage
quiet/dull attitude

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33
Q

signs of excessive stress in birds

A

increased respiratory rate
eye closing
weakness

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34
Q

do bird nails grow continuously?

A

YES they need nail trims

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35
Q

reasons to be careful of chemical cautery agents

A

can be painful
can damage GI tract

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36
Q

alternative to chemical cautery agent

A

cornstarch/flour

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37
Q

goal of wing trimming

A

to let the bird have a controlled glide from up high to the ground but not to let it be able to get lift from the ground

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38
Q

remiges

A

flight feathers

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39
Q

do you need to continuously trim a bird’s beak?

A

NO, normal beaks wear on their own

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40
Q

parrot diet

A

pellets 50-80%
nuts and seeds 10%
some fresh fruits/veggies
minimal to no table food

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41
Q

why should you avoid feeding birds peanuts?

A

mycotoxins

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42
Q

when should you try to change your birds diet?

A

when they are HEALTHY

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43
Q

what causes secondary pododermatitis?

A

obesity

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44
Q

what is hypovitaminosis A caused by?

A

inadequate vitamin A levels

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45
Q

what does hypovitaminosis A lead to?

A

Oral cavity: white plaques & blunting of choanal papilla
Ureters: uric sludging & secondary kidney disease

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46
Q

what is hypocalcemia caused by?

A

inadequate Ca levels
(insufficient diet or uptake in demand for egg laying)

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47
Q

what does hypocalcemia lead to?

A

soft shelled eggs
seizures
tremors
difficulty laying eggs

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48
Q

what is gout caused by?

A

high dietary protein levels

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49
Q

what does gout lead to?

A

elevated uric acid levels in blood with deposition of crystals onto organs or around/within joints

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50
Q

what does gout lead to?

A

elevated uric acid levels in blood with deposition of crystals onto organs or around/within joints

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51
Q

behavioral disorders in parrots

A

aggression
screaming
feather destructive behaviors
chronic egg laying

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52
Q

altricial chicks

A

born naked and blind
require long periods of feeding

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53
Q

precocial chicks

A

born with eyes open an natal down, can survive out of the nest after 1-2 days

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54
Q

normal parenting behavior

A

nesting
preening
regurgitation of food

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55
Q

bad parent-offspring relationship

A

excessive vocalization
regurgitation

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56
Q

bad mated-pair relationship

A

territoriality, mate aggression

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57
Q

boredom and anxiety leads to

A

feather destructive behavior

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58
Q

biting can be: (4)

A

mating behavior
territorial defense
playing games
fear induced

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59
Q

how to fix screaming in birds

A
  • reinforce any other behavior
  • leave the room and ignore
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60
Q

how to help curb bad behavior

A

teach parrot limits and assume flock leadership

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61
Q

medical reasons for feather loss

A

skin disease
hormonal
liver/kidney disease

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62
Q

physical reasons for feather loss

A

cage mate
contact allergen
poor bathing habits
boredom

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63
Q

how to fix physical feather loss

A

training
enrichment
e-collars/sweaters

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64
Q

what is chronic egg laying?

A

Laying of repeated or abnormally large clutches without regard to presence of a mate or accurate breeding season

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65
Q

predisposing factors of chronic egg laying

A

genetics
malnutrition
sweets
behavioral
environmental

66
Q

what diseases can chronic egg laying cause?

A

hypocalcemia
egg binding
cloacal prolapse

67
Q

bird diseases that have a vax

A

polyomavirus
west nile virus (off label)
poxvirus

68
Q

Zoonotic bird diseases

A

Mycobacterium avium
Chlamydia psittaci

69
Q

meat production chickens

70
Q

egg laying chickens

71
Q

egg laying chickens

72
Q

adult chicken

A

Rooster/cock & hen

73
Q

adult pheasant, quail, and peafowl

A

cock & hen

74
Q

adult turkey

75
Q

adult male duck

76
Q

adult female duck

77
Q

young duck

78
Q

adult male goose

79
Q

adult female goose

80
Q

young goose

81
Q

adult male swan

82
Q

adult female swan

83
Q

young swan

84
Q

sources of poultry

A

commercial hatcheries
small producers
occasionally in rescues

85
Q

housing requirements for galliformes

A

protection from weather/predators
good ventilation
lighting
strong perches

86
Q

young chickens

A

cockerel and pullet

87
Q

castrated fowl

88
Q

feeding chickens

A

omnivors
Ca supplements for layers

89
Q

why should you not feed mash to waterfowl?

A

gets stuck in their lamellae

90
Q

what is curled toe paralysis caused by?

A

vitamin b deficiency

91
Q

pinioning

A

amputating 1-3 day old chicks to make them flightless for life

92
Q

bumblefoot in birds is caused by

A

wet footing
obesity
abnormal weight distribution

93
Q

cloacal protuberance

A

occurs in males during breeding season

94
Q

Which birds are quieter than canaries?

95
Q

finches, doves, and pigeon nutrition

A

fortified pellet mix
vegetables 20%
fruits (5%)

96
Q

basic care of doves, finches

A

birds are kept flighted
nail trims
leg band for identification
weigh every 3-6 months

97
Q

crop milk

A

Pigeons shed protein rich lining of crop and feed it to their young

98
Q

housing for pigeons

99
Q

grit

A

small stones necessary for grinding seeds/grains in gizzard

100
Q

Zoonotic dove, finch, and pigeon diseases

A

chlamydia psittaci
salmonella

101
Q

Regurgitation of indigestible part of diet
(hair, feathers, bone)

102
Q

falconry equipment

A

hood
jesses
leash
creance
gauntlets

103
Q

falconry hood use

A

leather cap to calm the bird

104
Q

falconry jesses use

A

Leather straps secured around “ankle” area of each leg and enables restraint

105
Q

falconry leash use

A

Attached to jesses to secure
bird to perch or box

106
Q

falconry creance use

A

Long line attached to jesses
Used when training

107
Q

falconry gauntlet

A

falconer’s glove
made from leather/kevlar

108
Q

mews

A

housing for tethered raptors

109
Q

bad housing ventilation can lead to

A

aspergillosis infection

110
Q

common nutrition food items for raptors

A

Day old chicks
Quail
Small rodents
Rabbits
Fish

111
Q

cope

A

trimming the beak and talons (raptors)

112
Q

imp

A

Process of repairing damaged feathers by splicing on another

113
Q

raptor disease concerns

A

stress bars on feathers
west nile virus

114
Q

routine care of exotic mammals

A

nail trims (+/- other grooming)
spay/castration
annual vet exam

115
Q

domestic rabbit

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

116
Q

intact adult male rabbit

117
Q

castrated adult male rabbit

118
Q

adult female (intact or not)

119
Q

newborn rabbits

120
Q

group of rabbits

121
Q

uses of rabbits

A

research
meat
fiber/fur
exhibition/pets

122
Q

where are rabbit scent glands?

A

under chin
near genitals

123
Q

dewlap

A

present in does or overweight males, flap of skin underneath the chin

124
Q

what is pododermatitis in rabbits caused by?

A

obesity
frequent thumping
rough, dirty, or wire flooring

125
Q

T or F: Rabbit teeth are continuously growing

126
Q

peg tooth

A

a third tooth located behind the top front tooth

127
Q

Are rabbits hind or fore gut fermenters?

A

hind gut, large cecum

128
Q

rabbit night feces, contain essential nutrients

A

cecotrophs

129
Q

bunny sleep cycle

A

crepuscular, active at dusk and dawn

130
Q

illeus

A

gut stasis in rabbits

131
Q

bruxism

A

teeth grinding

132
Q

dysbiosis in rabbits

A

Alteration in normal GI flora, secondary to illeus

133
Q

rabbit diseases

A

dental diseases
snuffles (respiratory)
RHDV
Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ZOONOTIC)

134
Q

polyphyurina

A

red urine in rabbits

135
Q

adult male guinea pig

136
Q

adult female guinea pig

137
Q

young guinea pigs

138
Q

fur slip

A

When chinchillas are frightened, shed large
patches of fur

139
Q

Coprophagic

A

Ingest feces directly from anus, not true cecotrophs

140
Q

Coprophagic

A

Ingest feces directly from anus, not true cecotrophs

141
Q

why cant guinea pigs synthesize their own vitamin C

A

Lack L-gulonolactone oxidase

142
Q

vitamin C deficiency

143
Q

why do chinchillas use dust baths?

A

clean/condition fur
several times a week
can be human health hazard

144
Q

Penile fur ring

A

Accumulation of fur around penis
Can constrict, damage tissue, block urine flow
Treat by removing gently and checking regularly

145
Q

most common in guinea pigs

146
Q

cystic ovaries in guinea pigs

A

abdominal swelling
bilaterally symmetric hair loss due to estrogen lvls
surgery possible

147
Q

guinea pig behaviors

A

vocal
prey response (flight or freeze)
aggression

148
Q

houses for chinchillas/guinea pigs

149
Q

can guinea pigs be litter trained?

150
Q

guinea pig cage must haves

A

solid cage flooring
absorbent bedding
good ventilation

151
Q

chinchilla cage must haves

A

multiple levels
lots of space
exercise wheel

152
Q

preventative care for guinea pigs

A

nail trims
assessment of feet

153
Q

can guinea pigs and chinchillas get gastric stasis too?

154
Q

urinary stones can cause what in guinea pigs

A

blood in urine
secondary to gastric stasis

155
Q

uses of degus

A

research
pets

156
Q

what disease are degus susceptible to?

A

diabetes when diet contains too many simple sugars

157
Q

hamster behavior

158
Q

what leads to cannibalism in hamsters?

A

stress
cold environment
inadequate nesting material
lean diets

159
Q

what can develop in hamster with accessive humidity, stress, and wood beddings

A

nasal dermatitis

160
Q

ehamster/gerbil diseases

A

Tyzzers
proliferative ileitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (ZOONOTIC)

Exotics (9 decks)

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