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Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

process that occurs when genetic variation is lost due to random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity, and inheritance.

A

Genetic drift

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2
Q

reduction of genetic diversity in a population due to a large reduction in population size (e.g., from loss of food, disaster).

A

Bottleneck effect

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3
Q

When a small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation.

A

Founder effect

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4
Q

the movement of alleles from one population to another, occurs whenever individuals leave one population, join another, and breed

A

Gene flow

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5
Q

when individuals with intermediate phenotypes have higher survival and reproductive success than those with extreme phenotypes.

A

Stabilizing selection

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6
Q

when individuals with either extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than individuals with an intermediate phenotype.

A

Disruptive selection

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7
Q

when individuals with extreme phenotypes experience higher fitness than the average population phenotype.

A

Directional selection

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8
Q

occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population.

A

Frequency dependent selection

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9
Q

evolution of populations; affected by random processes and selection.

A

Microevolution

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10
Q

Selection in which humans decide which individuals will breed; breeding is done with a preconceived goal for the traits in the population (e.g., dogs, wild mustard).

A

Artificial selection

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11
Q

phenomenon in which industrial activities cause habitats to become darker due to pollution; individuals possessing darker phenotypes
are favored by selection.

A

Industrial melanism

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12
Q

The ability of an organism to express different phenotypes depending on the biotic or abiotic environment. Involves regulatory genes that switch on structural genes given the appropriate stimulus

A

Phenotype plasticity

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13
Q

describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions

A

Reaction norm

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14
Q

occurs when individuals within a population differ in their ability to attract mates. It favors individuals with heritable traits that enhance their ability to obtain mates.

A

Sexual selection

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15
Q

the sex which invests the most in producing offspring becomes a limiting resource over which the other sex will compete

A

Batemans principle

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16
Q

Females may choose mates on the basis of physical characteristics that are indicators of male genetic quality.

A

Female choice

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17
Q

Males physically competing for access to females, large size, weapons such as claws, antlers, etc. are advantageous in competition

A

Male-male competition

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18
Q

refers to any trait that differs between males and females of the same species.

A

Sexual dimorphism

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19
Q

evolution at higher levels of organization including genera, families, orders, and phyla.

A

Macroevolution

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20
Q

Evolution of new species

A

Speciation

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21
Q

hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different groups such as populations, species, or genera; depict which groups evolved from other groups.

A

Phylogenetic tree

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22
Q

the evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation.

A

Allopatric speciation

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23
Q

a series of neighboring populations, each of which interbreeds with nearby populations with at least two populations which are unable to interbreed.

A

Ring species

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24
Q

the evolution of new species without geographic isolation.

A

Sympatric speciation

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25
Q

species that contains three or more sets of chromosomes; can also give rise to sympatric speciation.

A

Polyploid

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26
Q

study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life.

A

Phenology

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27
Q

Seeks to understand how adaptations, or characteristics of an individual’s morphology, physiology, and behavior enable it to survive in an environment.

A

Individual approach

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28
Q

Examines variation in the number, density, and composition of individuals over time and space.

A

Population approach

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29
Q

Understands the diversity and interactions of organisms living together in the same place.

A

Community approach

30
Q

Describes the storage and transfer of energy and matter.

A

Ecosystem approach

31
Q

Examines movements of energy and chemicals over the Earth’s surface.

A

Biosphere approach

32
Q

the most fundamental unit of ecology

A

Individual

33
Q

individuals that are capable of interbreeding in nature.

A

Biological species concept

34
Q

individuals of the same species living and interacting in a particular area.

A

Population

35
Q

the extent of land or water within which a population lives.

A

Geographic range

36
Q

makeup of a population in terms of age, gender, or genetics.

A

Demographics

37
Q

Populations of species living together in a particular area and interacting.

A

Community

38
Q

Characteristics of different individuals in a group vary

A

Variation

39
Q

Some individuals have characteristics that help them survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals without those characteristics

A

Fitness

40
Q

The individuals with the favorable traits have many offspring that inherit those traits – the traits are then common to the group ()

A

heritability

41
Q

phenotypic traits with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of

A

Adaptations

42
Q

the total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis

A

Gross primary productivity

43
Q

The amount of carbon fixed after accounting for losses due to respiration is the

A

net primary productivity (NPP)

44
Q

is an innate mechanism that controls the physiology or behavior of an organism which changes on a daily, seasonal, yearly, or other regular cycle.

A

Biological clock

45
Q

recur at periods less the one day (e.g., feeding forays). Note these occur at predictable intervals; not random.

A

Ultradian rhythms

46
Q

the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing point without it becoming a solid.

A

Supercooling

47
Q

genetically differentiated strain of a population, each restricted to specific habitats (Turesson 1922). These have a genetic basis, not phenotypic plasticity.

A

Ecotype

48
Q

an ecogeographical rule broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates. More specifically, it states that the body surface-area-to-volume ratio for homeothermic animals varies with the average temperature of the habitat to which they are adapted

A

Allen’s rule

49
Q

physiological term for animals that exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeothermy. Temporary reduction in set body temperature

A

Heterothermy

50
Q

temporary condition resulting in reduction in respiration and loss in power and locomotion)

A

Torpor

51
Q

state of reduced metabolic activity adopted by many organisms under conditions of environmental stress. Hibernation is a common form

A

Dormancy

52
Q

temporary increase in body temperature by some physiological process.

A

Facultative endothermy

53
Q

The rate at which light is attenuated is the

A

Extinction coefficient

54
Q

refers to any process through which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into a solid compound.

A

Carbon fixation

55
Q

The amount of carbon converted by photosynthesis per unit area and time is a measure of

A

Primary productivity

56
Q

recur at periods of approximately 24 hours (e.g., activity patterns, nocturnal vs. diurnal, sleep)

A

Circadian rhythm

57
Q

recur at periods of approximately one year (e.g., seasonal patterns, migration, reproduction)

A

Circannual rhythms

58
Q

(also called epicycles) are cycles of repeated activity occurring at time intervals less than 24 hours

A

Ultradian rhythm

59
Q

time between an innate biological activity in successive periods. For flying squirrel activity the time is 24h and 21 minutes.

A

Free running cycle

60
Q

synchronization or alignment of the internal biological clock rhythm, including its phase and period, to external time cues, such as the natural dark-light cycle.

A

Entrainment

61
Q

Many biological processes are tied to the lunar cycle

A

Circalunidian

62
Q

the duration of light or dark that inhibits or promotes a photoperiodic response. Critical daylength varies among organisms but typically is within 10-14 hours.

A

Critical daylength

63
Q

are those whose seasonal activity or behavior is stimulated by day length shorter than the critical daylength.

A

Short day organism

64
Q

are those whose seasonal activity or behavior is stimulated by day length longer than the critical daylength.

A

Long day organisms

65
Q

those whose seasonal activity or behavior is not stimulated by changes in day length. These plants respond to other cues (e.g., temperature, rainfall)

A

Day neutral organisms

66
Q

large naturally occurring communities of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. rain forest, grassland or tundra.

A

Biomes

67
Q

process of solar radiation (light) striking Earth, being converted to infrared radiation (heat), and being absorbed and re-emitted by atmospheric gases.

A

Greenhouse effect

68
Q

causes winds moving north or south latitudinally to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and deflect to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This force causes the “trade winds” moving from higher latitudes towards ITCZ to come from northeast direction north of equator (northeast trade winds) and from southeast direction south of equator (southeast trades).

A

The Coriolis force

69
Q

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands.

A

Adiabatic cooling

70
Q

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of Earth and decreases in volume.

A

Adiabatic heating

71
Q

when water vapor is converted back to liquid, water releases energy in the form of heat and warms air.

A

Latent heat release

72
Q

the area of greatest insolation where the two Hadley cells converge and cause large amounts of precipitation.

A

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or solar equator

Ecology (4 decks)

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