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Ecology > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

a predator which, by preying on a competitive dominant species, limits the competitive exclusion of other species by the dominant species.

A

Keystone predator

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2
Q
  • Sessile organisms without structural defenses commonly produce these that deter predation (e.g., alkaloids, polyphenolics).
A

secondary metabolites

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3
Q

Organisms with chemical defenses often display bright colors or striking patterns as a warning, termed

A

Aposematic coloration

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4
Q

This mimic looks like a toxic model, and is also toxic itself.

A

Mullerian mimicry

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5
Q

this mimic looks like a toxic model species, but is itself non-toxic

A

Batesian mimicry

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6
Q

This occurs when a predator or parasite gains an advantage over prey by its resemblance to a third party. This model may be the prey (or host) species itself, or it may be a species that the prey does not regard as threatening.

A

Aggressive mimicry

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7
Q

predators reduce the abundance of herbivores, allowing plants to flourish.

A

Green world hypothesis (HSS)

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8
Q

in ecology describes the increasing reproduction of a predator in response to increasing prey abundance.

A

The numerical response

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9
Q

are physical attributes of a plant which reduce or eliminate herbivory.

A

Mechanical defenses

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10
Q

result from the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissues (e.g., phenolics, alkaloids, tannins) Can be accumulated in plants cells to act as toxins or secreted to inhibit herbivory.

A

Chemical defenses

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11
Q

is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms,

A

Symbiosis

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12
Q

an interaction between organisms that benefits at least one of the participants. Includes commensalism (+, 0) and mutualism (+, +).

A

Facilitation

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13
Q

Ants receive honeydew from aphids and protect them from predators.

A

Defensive mutualism

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14
Q

Associations between fungi and plant roots, wherein the fungus facilitates nutrient uptake (particularly nitrogen) by the plant in exchange for carbon in the form of sugars from the plant root.

A

Trophic or resource based mutualism

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15
Q

a) Modern mitochondria were derived from bacteria. (b) Chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacteria.

A

The endosymbiosis theory

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16
Q

a relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it.

A

Commensalism

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17
Q

The rhino moves around grazing the grass. In the process, they disturb the insects living in that area and the egrets get to eat the bugs.

A

Commensalism

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18
Q

Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the rhinos get pest control.

A

Mutualistic

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19
Q

Organism that creates or modified habitats

A

Ecosystem engineer

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20
Q

create or modify habitat or environment by their own physical structures

A

Autogenic engineer

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21
Q

modify non-living or living habitat from one physical state to another through their behavior or actions

A

Allogenic engineers

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22
Q

in ecology describes the increasing reproduction of a predator in response to increasing prey abundance.

A

Numerical response

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23
Q

consumption of all or part of a living plant. Includes both defoliation (leaf eating; grazing and browsing ) and the consumption of fruits and seeds.

A

Herbivory

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24
Q

predators reduce the abundance of herbivores, allowing plants to flourish

A

Green world hypothesis

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25
Q

These are physical attributes of a plant which reduce or eliminate herbivory.

A

Mechanical defenses

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26
Q

These result from the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissues (e.g., phenolics, alkaloids, tannins) Can be accumulated in plants cells to act as toxins or secreted to inhibit herbivory.

A

Chemical defenses

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27
Q

involve mutualistic relationships with other species (usually insects)

A

These involve mutualistic relationships with other species (usually insects)

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28
Q

This is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

A

Symbiosis

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29
Q

This an interaction between organisms that benefits at least one of the participants. Includes commensalism (+, 0) and mutualism (+, +).

A

Facilitation

30
Q

This is a relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it.

A

Commensalism

31
Q

Some facilitators have dramatic impacts on species composition and community dynamics by physically modifying the habitat
What’re the Two dominant mechanisms:

A

1) provide physical structure (habitat modification), (2) amelioration of physical stress

32
Q

This is an organism that creates or modifies habitats

A

Ecosystem engineer

33
Q

These create or modify habitat or environment by their own physical structures

A

Autogenic engineers

34
Q

These modify non-living or living habitat from one physical state to another through their behavior or actions

A

Allogenic engineers

35
Q

These are microparasites characterized by small size (bacteria, viruses, protozoans)

A

Pathogens

36
Q

are parasites characterized by larger size (flukes, wasps

A

Macroparasites

37
Q

All parasitic plants have special organs, named what which connect them to the conductive system (xylem, phloem) of their host and provide them with the ability to extract water and nutrient from the hosts.

A

haustoria

38
Q

These are plants that draw nutrients and water from the host, but can also undergo photosynthesis.

A

Hemiparasites

39
Q

These plants (Broomrape on right) lack chlorophyll and do not undergo photosynthesis, and are completely dependent on the host for nutrients, water and carbon.

A

Holoparasitic

40
Q

This is an organism that carries or transmits the parasite from one host to another

A

Vector

41
Q

Some parasites have these and only infect only one host species over the course of their life cycle. An example of a group of directly transmitted parasites are the strongyloid nematodes.

A

direct transmission

42
Q

parasitism of a parasite (up to 7 levels have documented)

A

Hyperparasitism

43
Q

This is a parasitic relationship in which one organism is dependent on the social organization of another.

A

Social parasitism

44
Q

These are social parasites that spend their entire life in the nest of its host species

A

Inquilines

45
Q

This occurs when a parasite transfers the responsibility of the care of offspring (eggs, young) onto surrogate parents.

A

Brood parasitism

46
Q

This is the stealing of prey from another individual.

A

Kleptoparasitism

47
Q

This occurs when the extinction of a host species causes the extinction of all of its associated parasite species (Dunn et al. 2009).

A

Co-extinction

48
Q

an association of interacting populations

A

Community

49
Q

This is the timing of the appearance and activity of species

A

Temporal structure

50
Q

This is the number of species in a community.

A

Species richness

51
Q

This is the number of species in the community, and their relative abundances

A

Species Diversity

52
Q

terrestrial communities are typically distinguished by dominant plant form

A

Biome

53
Q

a zone of transition between two biomes

A

Ecotone

54
Q

What’re the two ways of looking at a community

A

Holistic view, individualistic view

55
Q

species in a community act as a superorganism, coevolved to act as one unit

A

Holistic view

56
Q

communities are aggregations of populations that happen to be in the same place

A

Individualistic view

57
Q

concept in which a community in which each species’ distribution coincides with the boundaries of the community. Biotic interactions very important.

A

Closed community

58
Q

concept in which each species has its own limits, so the boundaries of a community are arbitrary. Biotic factors less important.

A

Individualistic view

59
Q

Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass. These species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species.

A

Dominant species

60
Q

A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche

A

Keystone specied

61
Q

This is a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass. Such species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community

A

Keystone species

62
Q

predictable change in species over time, as each new set of species modifies the environment to enable the establishment of other species, is virtually ubiquitous.

A

Ecological succession

63
Q

This is the size of area or “patch” that is impacted

A

Scale

64
Q

This is the strength or magnitude of a disturbing force

A

Intensity

65
Q

“acute” vs. “chronic”

A

Frequency

66
Q

This is the highest level of biodiversity is maintained at intermediate levels of disturbance frequency, intensity, size, and time since disturbance.

A

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis

67
Q

If an ecosystem contains more species then it will have a greater likelihood of having redundant stabilizing species, and it will have a greater number of species that respond differently to perturbations.

A

Insurance Effect (Redundancy)

68
Q

A reduction in the variation of returns on a combination of assets compared with the average of the variations of the individual assets.

A

Portfolio effect (investing)

69
Q

An increase in ecosystem stability (reduced variation) as a function of increased species diversity.

A

Portfolio effect (ecology)

70
Q

This is the fire-adapted trait in plants that is defined by an increase or a peak in flowering after a fire event.

A

Pyrogenic flowering

71
Q

This a strategy in which the dissemination of seeds is stimulated by external triggers (such as fires) rather than by natural maturation.

A

Serotiny

72
Q

The first species to colonize the bare earth following retreat of the glaciers are called what? Such as cyanobacteria, moss, and lichens.

A

pioneer species

Ecology (4 decks)

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