EXAM 1 Flashcards
Religion
seeking and responding to what humans experience as ultimate or holy
ultimate
that which is ultimately real
Holy
something that is beyond the observable world
devotional study
seeks to educate or train people to practice the religion
devotional concern
knowing correct beliefs and practices- focuses on faith (sometimes uncritical)
devotional concern example
believing Bible is true no matter what
Tradition
religious commitment-takes places in synagogues, church
academic study
the object is to help people understand people who practice religion
academic study goal
understand the phenomenon of religion
theological (acadevotional)
combination of both academic and devotional.
theological recognizes…
a commitment to religions faith but wants to study that faith in objective manner
sociology of religion
role of religion among groups of people
advantages of devotional
learning how to practice your religion
advantages of academic
helps us appreciate variety within our own particular religions
Apocrypha
general position of religious community was books have good information, but may not be divine
new testament
unique to Christians
gospels
books deal with entire life of Jesus
Acts
a history of the early church
epistles letters
letters by Paul, John, etc… (sermons)
revelations (apocalypse of john)
focused on return of Christ
Higher criticism (historical criticism)
controversial type- looking at historical and literary aspects- examines Bible like human text
Source criticism
asks the question-what sources did the author use?
redaction criticism
refers to editing- how did the author use their sources?
form criticism
circulated orally-what form did it take prior to it having been written
passover
Hebrews were told to put lambs blood on door so the angel of death will pass over their home
the red sea
Moses raises staff to part the Red Sea to escape the Egyptians
Mt. Sinai
mountain where Moses receives 10 commandments
Wilderness
they wander wilderness because they did not have enough faith to conquer Canaan- time of miracles and testing
Election
God elects Israel as God’s covenant people
covenant
an agreement between 2 or more parties (Mosaic covenant is symbolized in the 10 commandments)
vertical vs. horizontal
obligations to God and obligations to human beings
point for exodus
The God of Israels discloses who God is in human history
point for exodus
God initiates the Covenant or agreement with the people
point for exodus
God is the only God that the people should/ must revere
Henotheism
recognize that other Gods may exist but they only worship one God
Monolatry
same as Henotheism
Monotheism
belief in and devotion to one God only
Moism
there is one supreme reality and it is the only reality
Revelation
God disclosing who God is
Moses
recognized in Judaism as the most authoritative prophet
YAHWEH
personal sacred name of God
covenant
an agreement between 2 or more parties, in this instance between God and the people of Israel
Traditional zionism
God will return Jewish people to the land of Israel
political zionism
whether any particular person believes in God or not Jewish people must have a homeland to ensure wellbeing
confederacy of tribes
authority at local level- described as 12 tribes- no king or queen- only God is King
Judges
special individuals sent by God to deliver people from oppression
Deuteronomistic theology
obedience to God brings blessings - disobedience brings misfortune
Saul
first King- God selected
David
2nd- ideal king- the model King-wrote Psalms- remained committed to God
Solomon
3rd- great wisdom- Israel expanded- built first temple- later involved in idolatry
first temple
destroyed by Babylonians, rebuilt around 515 BCE
second temple
greatly expanded- King Herod- destroyed by Romans in 70 CE
Rehoboam
son of Solomon- Kingdom divide- governs southern kingdom of Judah
Jeroboam
governs northern kingdom of Israel
Israel destroyed by Assyrians
721 BCE
Judah destroyed by the Babylonians
586 BCE
Cultic/ Sanctuary prophets
prophets around the holy place or shrine- persons to go to for answers
Ecstatic/ Mobile prophets
travelled in groups of 15-20
Literary/ Classical
they or their followers wrote down their messages
synagogues
local assemblies of worship- read religious writings (Torah)- emerge during Babylonian exile
Sheol
cool, damp place- Hell
Sadducees
upper class background-open to Greek culture- rejected belief in afterlife (Heaven and Hell)-conservative
pharisees
lower class background- embraced afterlife- liberal-skeptical accepting non-Jewish culture-over and beyond calls of religious duty- larger biblical canon
Maccabean revolution
family of revolutionaries led revolt against Hellenistic rulers- saved Judaism-160 BCE- Hanukah
Zealots
religious revolutionaries- Gentiles should not rule Holy Land- God’s warriors
Jewish Christians
believed Jesus was long-awaited Messiah but still saw themselves as Jews
Canonization
recognizing writings as scripture
council of Jamnia/ Jabeth
90-118- definitive definition of scripture in Jewish Bible- 3 categories
definition of scripture- 400 BCE
Torah
definition of scripture- 200 BCE
Prophets
definition of scripture-500-600 CE
writings-question decisions and agreements about canon
middle ages and early modern
500-1750- judaism confronts Christianity and Islam- Jewish struggled for survival- want for conversion to Christianity and Islam
Karaism
700s- Anan Ben David- rejected idea of oral law (Talmud)-greater observance of Sabbath- fell in 1,000- Arabic translations
Philosophy- Moses Maimonides
-1204- great philosopher of Judaism- defined Judaism with 13 criteria
Shema
closest to being creed in Judaism- rejected belief in Human characteristics of God
Modern Judaism
1750- present- enlightenment and emancipation- new era
enlightenment or age of reason
people question religion- skeptical- power of human reason and knowledge
Jewish emancipation
free of restrictions in society
American and US constitution
religious freedom- seperation of church and state
french revolution
critical established religion
challenge for judaism
should they keep their jewish tradition
reform Judaism
most flexible- revelation is ongoing- downplay importance of Talmud- less traditional
orthodox judaism
as close to original religion as possible- “the law is eternal”- men and women seperate
conservative judaism
NOT the most conservative- between orthodox and reform- changes in religion should be gradual
reconstructioinist Judaism
1930 American form- religious humanism- questions if religion helps or hinders- Israelites are center of Judaism - political/ modern zionism
traditional religious zionism
teaches God will one day lead the people back to Israel and the temple will be rebuilt- kingdom of God will be established through Earth
political or modern zionism
emphasizes people should have a homeland for their own security
Theodor Herzl
major prophet- author of The Jewish State- 1896
Holocaust
destruction or murder of 6 million Jews during WW2- different because Jews were considered inferior and was planned- far more extensive
State of Israel
established in 1947- 1948- Palestinians would be displaced - 2 state solution
