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PL SC 100 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 fundamental organs found in plants?

A

Roots, Stems, Leaves

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Monocotyledons?

A
  • one cotyledon
  • fibrous roots
  • petals in multiples of 3
  • narrow parallel veins on leaves
  • scattered vascular bundles
  • pollen grains have only 1 pore/furrow
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Dicotyledons?

A
  • two cotyledons
  • tap roots
  • have 4-5 petals
  • oval/palmate, netlike veins in leaves
  • ringed vascular bundles
  • pollen grains have 3 pores/furrows
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4
Q

What is the Midrib?

A

the thick middle vein inside leaves

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5
Q

What makes up the shoot?

A

the leaves and the stem

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6
Q

What is the node?

A

points where leaves are attached to the stems

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7
Q

What is the internode?

A

area between nodes

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8
Q

What is the proximal end? Where is it located?

A
  • the leaves and internodes that are located at the base of the shoot
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9
Q

What is the distal end? Where is it located?

A
  • the leaves at the tip of the plant
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10
Q

How are leaves at the distal end generated?

A
  • from a set of rapidly dividing cells at the apical meristem
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11
Q

What is the apical meristem? Where is it located

A
  • it triggers the growth of new cells at the tips of roots and shoots, as well as forming buds
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12
Q

What is the terminal bud?

A
  • the apical meristem cells of perennials and causes shoots to grow longer
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13
Q

What protects the terminal bud?

A
  • bud scales which protect from weather, water and insects
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14
Q

What is the leaf Axil?

A

upper side of the point where the leaf attaches to the stem

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15
Q

What are axillary buds?

A
  • an embryonic shoot located in the axil of the leaf
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16
Q

What do axillary buds contain?

A

dormant meristematic cells

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17
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Short, vertical subterranean stem with thick leaves that surround the stem, bulb scales protect the stem

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18
Q

What are stem tubers?

A

belowground stems modified for starch storage

Each ‘eye’ on a potato is a node where a new shoot could emerge

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19
Q

What is an example of a bulb?

A

onion

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20
Q

What is an example of a stem tuber?

A

potato

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21
Q

What is an example of a root tuber?

A

sweet potato

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22
Q

What is a root tuber?

A

Root modified for starch storage

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23
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

thick subterranean shoots that grow horizontally, are indeterminate, become very long, branch profusely and spread widely
- axillary buds are very active and grow large leaves above ground

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24
Q

What is an example of a rhizome?

A

ginger

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25
Q

What are tendrils?

A

long slender shoots that wrap around things they touch, some are modified leaves while others are modified branch roots from axillary buds

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26
Q

What is an example of a tendril?

A

grapes

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27
Q

What are stem succulents?

A

plants with broad stems that can hold water

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28
Q

What is an example of a stem succulent

A

Euphorbia polygona

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29
Q

What is a leaf succulent?

A

thick leaves (aloe) that store water in their leaves

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30
Q

What is an example of a leaf succulent?

A

Aloe vera

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31
Q

What do leaves do?

A

carry out photosynthesis

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32
Q

Being broad and thin helps leaves do what?

A

absorb light energy and CO2

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33
Q

What part of the vascular system collects the sugar made from photosynthesis and transports it to other parts of the plant?

A

Phloem

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34
Q

What part of the vascular system transports water from the roots?

A

Xylem

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35
Q

What makes up the vascular system?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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36
Q

What is the Lamina?

A

the expanded portion/blade of a leave

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37
Q

What is the Petiole?

A

the stalk that holds up the leave blades

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38
Q

What is a simple leaf?

A

blade composed of one piece

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39
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

composed of several pieces called leaflets attached to a rachis

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40
Q

What is a pinnately compound leaf?

A

leaflets attached in 2 rows

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41
Q

What is a palmately compound leaf?

A

leaflets are attached to the same point on the rachis

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42
Q

What is Phyllotaxy?

A

arrangement of leaves around the stem, proper arrangement of leaves is important for providing sunlight and maximizing photosynthesis

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43
Q

What are the different types of phyllotaxy?

A
  • alternate, opposite, decussate, whorled, spiral
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44
Q

What are the three basic domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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45
Q

What is a shelterbelt?

A

a row of trees and or shrubs to provide fields shelter from the wind

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46
Q

Roots protect/stabilize the soil

A

True

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47
Q

Plants maintain an optimal environment

A

True

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48
Q

What plant prevents erosion on costal areas while also providing habitat for aquatic life?

A

Mangrove trees

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49
Q

Plants in sand/sand dunes help stabilize and hold the sand in place

A

True

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50
Q

What can cause erosion

A

soil that doesn’t have any roots

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51
Q

What type of plants cannot survive without human intervention such as ploughing, sowing seeds, providing pollinators, fertilization, irrigation, removing weeds?

A

Agriculturally important plants

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52
Q

Which domains of life are prokaryotes (don’t have cellular organisms)?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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53
Q

Plants, fungi and animals fall under what classification?

A

Eukaryotes

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54
Q

Archaea are single celled organisms

A

True

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55
Q

What are the 5 major types of plants?

A
  • algae
  • bryophytes
  • pteridophytes
  • gymnosperm
  • angiosperm
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56
Q

What is algae? What is an example of algae?

A
  • ancestors of land plants, produce oxygen, started in water then moved to land, some of the first types of plants
  • ulva
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57
Q

What is Bryophyte? What is an example?

A
  • small plants without vascular system, don’t make cones/flowers/seeds, often grow together
  • moss
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58
Q

What is Pteridophyte? What is an example?

A
  • don’t produce seeds, have vascular system, large leaves with complex shapes. Produce spores that are visible on the underside of leaves, contain xylem and phloem
  • fern
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59
Q

What is Gymnosperm? What is an example?

A
  • seeds don’t develop within an ovary (fruit) known as naked seeds, include conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, produces cones, leaves are needle-like, live for a long amount of time, spruce(conifers), cycads found in tropical/temperate regions, are dioceious, individuals are either male or female, produce seeds resembling cones, distantly related to conifers
  • conifer tree
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60
Q

What is Angiosperm? What is an example?

A
  • produce flowers, largest and most diverse group, represent 80% of all known green plants now living, some have obvious flowers, some don’t, some have obvious flowers but bloom rarely, produce seeds
  • flowers
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61
Q

Characteristics of roots

A

Can perform many tasks at the same time
Supports the shoot, absorbs water/minerals and produce plant hormones (Cytokinin’s)
Root systems need to be the right size, if it’s too small it can’t obtain the needed nutrients and water, if it’s too big it wastes resources
At the distal end (far end of root) multiple laters of rapidly dividing cells are present
Root Apical Meristem (RAM) is protected by a root cap
Layers of RAM is followed by a zone of elongation where newly formed roots elongate which pushes the root through the soil and is protected by a lubricating material produced by the root cap

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62
Q

Describe lateral root formation

A

The basal root cells (closer to the shoot) don’t elongate and aren’t pushed into the soil
Originate from internal tissues of the primary root system
Roots branch into lateral roots which also branch out further (1st order lateral, 2nd order lateral, 3rd order lateral

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63
Q

What are the characteristics of the taproot system?

A

Possess one main root

Swollen in appearance

Derived from the seedling root system

Only one root attached to the base of the stem

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64
Q

What are the characteristics of the fibrous root system?

A

Possess multiple roots

Fibrous in appearance

Multiple roots attach to the stem in various places

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65
Q

What are the characteristics of the adventitious root system?

A

Roots that form from any non-tissue roots

Form naturally on intact stems or wound induced on detached stems/leaves

Can attach plants to walls. Other plants

Help get more water and nutrients by absorbing it from the atmosphere

provide support

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66
Q

What are the reproductive organs found in most plants?

A

flowers, fruits and seeds

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67
Q

What causes the switch from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage?

A

Changes in meristem tissues in the shoot apical bud or axillary buds

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68
Q

Fruits are formed before fertilization

A

False

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69
Q

Define sepal

A

outermost structure, green and leaf like, protect the internal part of the flower during development

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70
Q

Define petal

A

colourful, fragrant and most distinctive part of the plant which helps attract pollinators

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71
Q

Define stamen

A

produce pollen and is the male gamete, contain sperm cells

72
Q

Define pistil

A

female gamete, innermost layer that contains structures that produce egg cells and develop into fruits

73
Q

What are the four main structures found in flowers?

A

sepal, petal, stamen, pistil

74
Q

What is an annual plant?

A

a plant living less than a year
Complete their entire life cycle withing a year (growing season) and then die

Ex: what, oats, peas, beans, garden flowers, weeds

75
Q

What is a perennial plant?

A

a plant that lives longer than a year
No specific lifespan

Longevity depends on environmental conditions

Death caused by internal or environmental factors or disease

Need to be able to protect themselves for long periods of time, use their energy to make defensive compounds to ward off pests/pathogens

76
Q

What can cause plant death?

A

Internal and external factors such as disease and environment

77
Q

What is Arabidposis thaliana?

A

Model plant used by plant biologists

An annual plant with one of the shortest life spans known in plants (less than six weeks)

Seedlings grow for 3 weeks and then produce flowers

Within the next 3 weeks flowers are pollinated, set seed and fruit and then die

The short life span makes them a good plant for experiments

78
Q

What is a biennial plant?

A

a plant that lives for two years but is considered a perennial
Germinate and grow vegetative for 1 year and become dormant in the winter

Then in the spring they grow for a little, flower, produce seeds and die

Ex: beets, cabbage, carrots

79
Q

Define monocarpic

A

plants having only one reproductive cycle
ex: annuals and biennials

80
Q

Define polycarpic

A

plants having more than one reproductive cycle
ex: perennials

81
Q

What are some characteristics of herbaceous plants?

A

Stems and roots don’t make wood, have small, fleshy stems

Mostly annuals but some perennials (herbs, tulips )

82
Q

What are some characteristics of woody plants?

A

Begin as herbs

At a certain stage some cells become vascular and develop cork cambium cells

Start to produce wood (xylem) phloem and cork

Allow the plant to keep growing by producing more vascular tissue

Wood comes from xylem cells

83
Q

What are the parts of a dicot seed?

A
  • seed coat, embryonic shoot, leaves, roots, and 2 cotyledons
84
Q

What are the parts of a monocot seed?

A

Seed coat

Endosperm

Embryo

85
Q

What is the epicotyl?

A

leaves

86
Q

what is the hypocotyl?

A

shoots

87
Q

What is the radicle?

A

roots

88
Q

What does the seed coat do?

A

provide protection

89
Q

What does the embryo do?

A

produce a new plant

90
Q

what does the cotyledon/endosperm do?

A

provide energy

91
Q

What are the characteristics of storage grain?

A

Crop seed can be stored for many years

They are dried not dead

Eaten for food

Can be saved until it is time to plant

Wild plant seeds can live in the soil for many years, but can be removed by predation, avoid inappropriate germination (germinating at the wrong time)

Seeds have energy for growing a plant until the plant can sustain itself

Seeds can be killed by disease or if it runs out of energy

92
Q

What are the characteristics of a new plant?

A

Usually the product of genetic recombination (mixture of genes)

Potential to be the best or worst combination due to natures randomness

Natural selection depends on diversity

Inside the seed are all the genes to produce a new plant

93
Q

What are the agents of seed dispersal?

A

wind, water, insects, birds, mammals, falling, bursting

94
Q

what does seed dispersal depend on?

A

chance, the fate of the seed depends on where it lands

95
Q

What is pollination? What are some of the characteristics?

A

A process in which pollen is transferred to female reproductive organs of seed plants enabling fertilization and reproduction through growth of pollen tube and the release of sperm

Both monocots and dicots undergo pollination

96
Q

What is seed germination?

A
  • when the plant starts to grow
97
Q

What are some of the characteristics of seed germination?

A

Shouldn’t happen at the beginning of fall or winter

Shouldn’t happen in a poor environment (ex: lack of moisture, too hot or cold, too much water, poor nutrients)

Some plants produce many seeds due to risks

Some seeds delay germination until the right conditions are present

98
Q

What is dormancy

A

the state in which seeds are unable to germinate, even in ideal growth conditions, prevents germination in unsuitable conditions

99
Q

What are some of the characteristics of dormancy?

A

Seeds can endure unfavourable conditions and not all germinate at the same time, but are killed

Seed dormancy is a problem in crops when they want to plant seeds all at the same time, in order to do this you must keep the seed dry so it doesn’t germinate (if it gets wet it will germinate)

100
Q

What was the oldest viable seed?

A

Silene Stenophylla

101
Q

What is a Seed Bank? What does it do?

A

Stores seeds to preserve genetic diversity

Preserving the genes plant breeders need to increase yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality

To avoid loss of genetic diversity in rare or endangered plants

102
Q

What is the Svalbard International Seed Vault?

A

a vault containing all plant species from all around the world, a global backup system for the planets plant resources

103
Q

What are seed strategies?

A

Small seeded plants (ex: orchid) produce millions of seeds provides a larger chance of dispersal

Large seeded plants (ex: coco de mer) contain enough nutrients to support the future crop

104
Q

What are the origins of agriculture?

A

Around 10 000 years ago

Happened several times in different parts of the world

Involved different plant species

Earliest agriculture settlements found in the “fertile cresent” which is an arc like region stretching from east Mediterranean towards present day Iran

Close to water

Tigris and Euphrates regularly flooded the region

Nile River runs through part

Irrigation and agriculture developed because of the fertile soil found near the rivers

105
Q

Why did nomads settle?

A

climate change, habitat shrinkage, reduced number of animal population, accidental concentration of edible and useful plants, realized the benefits of not having to move to get food and stuff, started to protect and tend the land

106
Q

What is needed for a stable civilization?

A

a stable food source

107
Q

What were the characteristics of the first domesticated plants?

A

Annuals which produce seeds in a year

Self-pollinating

Easily stored and dried

Adaptable to disturbance

Easily propagated

108
Q

How were seeds planted in early agriculture?

A

by hand

109
Q

What is domestication?

A

the deliberate selection of wild plants for traits that make them suitable for humans

110
Q

How did domestication affect plants?

A

Many of these traits made them less likely to survive in the wild and became dependent on humans for continuance

111
Q

When did people first start domesticating plants?

A

10 000 years ago between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

112
Q

What plants were first domesticated in mesopotamia?

A

wheat, barley, lentils, peas,

113
Q

What did grain storage do?

A

allowed for food preservation and use over the year, put seeds away for next year, protect from moisture, pests and diseases and stored food to eat when fresh food wasn’t available

114
Q

what were some of the first centers of crop domestication?

A

Fertile Cresent-Mesopotamia

Meso-America—Inca, Mayan, Peruvian

Far East- Yellow River (China) and Indus valley (India)

Secondary Dispersal in Europe, North and South America and Australia

115
Q

Which plant originated in south america and mesoamerica?

A

cassava

116
Q

What plant originated in mesoamerica?

A

maize

117
Q

What plant was corn derived from?

A

teosinte

118
Q

Who domesticated wheat?

A

people in the middle east, came from emmer

119
Q

What were the consequences of domestication?

A

Some weeds were co selected with crops

Seeds couldn’t be separated from crop seeds

Seeds dispersed rapidly before harvest

Difficult to remove from crop by hand

Produced many seeds

Have long dormancy periods

120
Q

What influenced crop dispersal?

A

the columbian exchange

121
Q

What are some of the characteristics of domesticated corn?

A

Increase of ear, seed and plant size

Cannot survive without human intervention

Needs more inputs like fertilizer

Grain size increase

Disease and insect resistant

All ears at same height, easier to harvest

only one branch compared to many

less ears of corn

weak dormancy

122
Q

Where did corn originate from?

A

Mayan, Aztec and Inca civilizations

123
Q

What are the different parts of the corns reproductive system?

A

Tassel, anthers, silks, ears, seeds

124
Q

How is corn pollinated?

A

through wind pollination

125
Q

What is a monoecious plant?

A

have male and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant

126
Q

Where is pollen produced on the corn plant?

A

the tassels

127
Q

What does outcrossing do?

A

allows for genetic diversity by sexual reproduction (because pollen from other cultivars pollinate the ovules)

128
Q

What are landraces?

A

races of diverse corn that are maintained and developed by subsistence growers for their own use and trade

129
Q

What are the characteristics of hybrid corn?

A

Two inbred lines (plants), (crossed to themselves over and over) most of the genes on the chromosomes are the same

The two lines are chosen that are complementary each has some good traits

In f1, weaker genes are masked, producing a vigorous uniform plant

F1 are all the same

Next generation, independent segregation, uniformity and vigour is reduced

Farners need to buy hybrid seeds because they are better

130
Q

How is corn different than other cereal plants?

A

Have large plants and seeds

A single seed is planted rather than being scattered

Ears are located on the side of the stalk nit the side

Corn is grown in rows with wide spaces between

Kernels are naked and not covered in a hull

Corn is a C4 (same with sorghum and pearl-millet)

131
Q

Why has corn production increased in the united states?

A

the use of fertilizer and pesticides, along with hybrid corn

132
Q

what is polyploidy?

A

having an extra set of chromosomes

133
Q

What are the pros of polyploidy?

A

Increases amount of genetic variability

hybrid vigour

gene evolution

Self vs cross fertilization

Ploidy in plants has contributed to more and larger fruiting organs = higher yields

134
Q

What are the cons of polyploidy?

A

Predisposed to segregation errors

Extra chromosomes = need more space

Problems completing meiosis and mitosis

Gene expression is unpredictable

135
Q

What are the characteristics of durum wheat?

A

Bigger kernels and easier to harvest

Can be spring or winter type

Wheat grows in temperate regions

Adapts well to various environments

136
Q

What is durum wheat used for?

A

pasta and semolina

137
Q

is durum wheat a dipliod or a tetraploid?

A

tetraploid

138
Q

What are the characteristics of common wheat?

A

Spring or winter type

Grows in temperate regions

Central and southern prairies

Canada Top producer of hard red spring wheat

Can be low or high protein

139
Q

What is low protein wheat used for?

A

(soft white), used for noodles, cookies, pastries, high yielding

140
Q

What is high protein wheat used for?

A

(hard red) used for bread or blending, lower yielding

141
Q

What else can common wheat be used for?

A

High protein and gluten, great milling and baking quality, minimal protein loss during milling, can be blended with other flour

Can be used as starch, bulgur wheat, used as animal feed if it doesn’t meet market demand

Lower quality wheat has low protein and used for bioethanol production and can be used for brewing purposes

142
Q

What are the characteristics of barley?

A

Spring or winter

Grown in temperate region

South and southern prairies

2 row or 6 row barley types

2nd most important grain grown in Canada

143
Q

Is common wheat a tetraploid or a hexaploid?

A

hexaploid

144
Q

Is barley a hexaploid or a diploid

A

diploid

145
Q

2 row barley has less starch

A

false, 6 row barley has less starch

146
Q

How much of barley grown is used for animal feed?

A

60-70 percent

147
Q

What is the malting process?

A

soak, germinate (starts sprouting, produces amylases which breaks down the long sugars and makes them into simple sugars which makes is sweeter), kiln which brings moisture to 4 percent

148
Q

What is 2 row barley used for?

A

distilleries/breweries

149
Q

What is 6 row barley used for?

A

animal food

150
Q

How much of the worlds barley comes from Europe?

A

75%

151
Q

Are legumes dicots or monocots?

A

dicots

152
Q

When and where was they soybean domesticated?

A

around 7000 BCE in China

153
Q

What plant did domesticated soy come from?

A

Glycine soja

154
Q

What are the characteristics of glycine soja?

A

Prostrate (grows along the ground)

Self-fertilizing flowers

Pods shatter easily

1-4 seeds per pod

Seed dormancy

Small black seeds

Indeterminate growth (flowers the year after)

155
Q

How did soy change after domestication?

A

Flowering can now happen any time after vegetative growth

Indeterminate type=continuously grow, after vegetative stage they go to reproductive stage, produce flowers, then pods that mature at the same time

Self-pollinating crop

Less hard seed coat and hard seed

156
Q

Which countries produce the most soy?

A

Brazil and the US

157
Q

Where did peanuts originate from?

A

south and central america

158
Q

What are the characteristics of the peanut?

A

After fertilization, peg develops into the soil and develop into a fruit

Develop underground

159
Q

Which country produces the most peanuts?

A

China

160
Q

When and where was the field pea domesticated?

A

Domesticated in the fertile cresent 10 000 years ago

161
Q

what are the characteristics of peas?

A

Rich source of protein, essential amino acids, carbs, iron, calcium and potassium

162
Q

Which country produces the most peas?

A

Canada, followed by Russia and China

163
Q

Where was the chickpea domesticated?

A

Southwest Asia and Mediterranean, Ethiopia is a secondary center of orgin

164
Q

What was the first legume to be domesticated in the old world?

A

chickpeas

165
Q

Which legumes are known as pulses?

A

beans, lentils and dry peas

166
Q

Which legumes are known as oilseed legumes?

A

soybeans and peanuts

167
Q

What are the two main groups of chickpeas called?

A

Desi and Kabuli

168
Q

Which country is the worlds top chickpea producer?

A

India, followed by pakistan

169
Q

Where were lentils domesticated?

A

East mediterreanean

170
Q

What is the oldest pulse crop known to man?

A

lentils

171
Q

Who produces 45% of the worlds lentils?

A

Canada

172
Q

Where were beans domesticated?

A

Central America

173
Q

What are the two major gene pools in beans?

A

Central America for small to medium seeded cultivars

Andes for large seeded cultivars

174
Q

What are the two types of beans plants?

A

bush and climbing

175
Q

Which country produces the most beans?

A

India

176
Q

Where are pulses and soybeans grown in Canada?

A

Alberta, Sask, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec

PL SC 100 (3 decks)

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