Exam 1 Flashcards
zooeyia
the benefits of pet ownership to individuals and communities
market justice vs social justice
freedom to do own thing vs everyone helping each other and preventable death minimized
Bradford Hill
english epidemiologist and statistician, randomized clinical trial and criteria for causation
What was the first randomized control trial on?
recognition of risk for heart disease
If key public health interventions did not happen, how many more deaths would we see?
~50 million more
5 SDOH
economic stability, education access, health care access, neighborhood, community
base rate fallacy
just a number without being a rate of total population is misleading
Environmental risks cause about how many avoidable deaths per year?
~13 million
how much of pakistan is submerged?
1/3, displacing about 40 million people
What are the top six staple calorie crops and which are currently threatened by fungal pathogens?
rice, wheat , sugarcane, maize, soybean, and potatoes*
What virus comes from bats and has an increasing prevalence in humans and horses which can be attributed to deforestation?
Hendra virus
trophic cascades
effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic levels
Six domains of veterinary public health contributions
diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, zoonotic disease control
What does the FDA regulate?
food and food ingredients (except meat, poultry, and some egg products), also animal drugs, animal feeds, and veterinary devices
What does the USDA regulate?
animal vaccines and biologics, meat, poultry, and some egg products
What does the EPA regulate?
pesticides that act externally to the animal (frontline) (important because can’t use EPA drugs off label)
FSIS
Food safety and inspection services protects the public from foodborne illness
APHIS
animal and plant health inspection, address animal welfare, biotechnology, wildlife damage, and global trade
Office of State Veterinarian
protects the livestock, poultry and fish industry, which through control of diseases, protects the public (technically agriculture department)
State Public Health Veterinarians
work in zoonotic disease and prevention
NASPHV
develops uniform public health procedures, published compendium of rabies prevention and control
Twelve required reportable diseases in Arizona
anthrax, avian influenza, brucellosis, tuberculosis, equine encephalomyelitis, Q fever, vesicular stomatitis, leptospirosis, west nile virus, rabies, tularemia, psittacosis
OSHA violation fees
$15,000 for violation, repeated can be up to $150,000
Biomedical waste
any solid waste generated in diagnosis, treatment or immunization
Regulated Medical Waste (RMW)
medical waste that poses a significant risk of transmitting infection to people (including sharps)
How long do you have to keep transit records of biohazardous waste or RMW?
one year
How long can you store biohazardous medical waste before it has to be dealt with?
90 days or less
Difference between Category A and Category B biological substances?
A- materials known to contain certain etiologic agents
B- materials being shipped for purpose of diagnosis or investigation that MAY contain etiologic agents
Recommended depopulation methods for large animals?
gunshot or penetrating captive bolt
Recommended depopulation methods for medium animals?
Non-penetrating captive bolt or carbon monoxide
Recommended depopulation methods for poultry?
carbon dioxide, argon or nitrogen or water based foam POSSIBLY ventilation shutdown
Three common methods of carcass disposal?
Incineration, burying (at LEAST 4 feet deep and covered with lime), rendering
Methods of mass carcass disposal
burial, incineration, composting, rendering, and alkaline hydrolysis
What is a safe way to dispose of carcasses infected with foot and mouth disease?
Incineration (2001)
What is a safe way to dispose of carcasses infected with Anthrax?
Don’t want to handle things any more than you have to, incineration or alkaline hydrolysis and rendering
epidemiology
the study of disease patterns and transmission
Who was John Snow and what did he study
father of epidemiology, studied a cholera outbreak in London, traced it back to a single water pump
Miasmatic theory of disease
disease transmitted by a miasma or low cloud that hangs on the surface of the earth
epidemiologic transition
a shift in patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious disease to chronic disease
demographic transition
a shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much better rates in developed countries
Robert Koch
demonstrated association between microorganisms and disease
temporality
cause or exposure observed before the effect
biological gradient
dose-response, shows a linear trend in association between exposure and disease
what are the four measurements to express sampling error?
CIs, standard error, margin of error, coefficient of variance
Four different types of bias in epidemiologic studies
recall, selection, observer, confounding
Recall bias
ability of subjects to recall, be aware of limitation
observer bias
observers indirectly affect results, can subvert with double-blind procedures/multiple observers/scripts
selection bias
accidentally selecting only a subset (often for efficiency), can subvert with randomization
Confounding bias
confounding factors, think about in design phase
Type I error
false positive, null hypothesis rejected when actually true
Type II error
false negative, null hypothesis not rejected when actually false
study designs in descriptive epidemiology
case report, case series, cross-sectional (last has control group)
ecologic fallacy
associations that old true at a large group level are not necessarily true of individuals
difference between a ratio, proportion and rate
ratio means comparison, proportion is part of a whole, and rate means events over specific amount of time
prevalence
number of cases/ number of people in population
incidence
number of new cases/ number of persons in population
specific rates
rates based on a particular subgroup of the population
adjusted rates
statistical procedures have been applied to remove effect of differences in composition of various populations
what is the most important consideration during the planning phase of designing a workshop?
your audience!!!
ICAM
international animal welfare organization that publishes guidance on population management
four DPM foundations
legislation and enforcement, task force, advocacy, and community engagement
