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Public Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

zooeyia

A

the benefits of pet ownership to individuals and communities

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2
Q

market justice vs social justice

A

freedom to do own thing vs everyone helping each other and preventable death minimized

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3
Q

Bradford Hill

A

english epidemiologist and statistician, randomized clinical trial and criteria for causation

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4
Q

What was the first randomized control trial on?

A

recognition of risk for heart disease

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5
Q

If key public health interventions did not happen, how many more deaths would we see?

A

~50 million more

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6
Q

5 SDOH

A

economic stability, education access, health care access, neighborhood, community

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7
Q

base rate fallacy

A

just a number without being a rate of total population is misleading

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8
Q

Environmental risks cause about how many avoidable deaths per year?

A

~13 million

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9
Q

how much of pakistan is submerged?

A

1/3, displacing about 40 million people

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10
Q

What are the top six staple calorie crops and which are currently threatened by fungal pathogens?

A

rice, wheat , sugarcane, maize, soybean, and potatoes*

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11
Q

What virus comes from bats and has an increasing prevalence in humans and horses which can be attributed to deforestation?

A

Hendra virus

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12
Q

trophic cascades

A

effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic levels

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13
Q

Six domains of veterinary public health contributions

A

diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, zoonotic disease control

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14
Q

What does the FDA regulate?

A

food and food ingredients (except meat, poultry, and some egg products), also animal drugs, animal feeds, and veterinary devices

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15
Q

What does the USDA regulate?

A

animal vaccines and biologics, meat, poultry, and some egg products

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16
Q

What does the EPA regulate?

A

pesticides that act externally to the animal (frontline) (important because can’t use EPA drugs off label)

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17
Q

FSIS

A

Food safety and inspection services protects the public from foodborne illness

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18
Q

APHIS

A

animal and plant health inspection, address animal welfare, biotechnology, wildlife damage, and global trade

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19
Q

Office of State Veterinarian

A

protects the livestock, poultry and fish industry, which through control of diseases, protects the public (technically agriculture department)

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20
Q

State Public Health Veterinarians

A

work in zoonotic disease and prevention

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21
Q

NASPHV

A

develops uniform public health procedures, published compendium of rabies prevention and control

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22
Q

Twelve required reportable diseases in Arizona

A

anthrax, avian influenza, brucellosis, tuberculosis, equine encephalomyelitis, Q fever, vesicular stomatitis, leptospirosis, west nile virus, rabies, tularemia, psittacosis

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23
Q

OSHA violation fees

A

$15,000 for violation, repeated can be up to $150,000

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24
Q

Biomedical waste

A

any solid waste generated in diagnosis, treatment or immunization

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25
Q

Regulated Medical Waste (RMW)

A

medical waste that poses a significant risk of transmitting infection to people (including sharps)

26
Q

How long do you have to keep transit records of biohazardous waste or RMW?

A

one year

27
Q

How long can you store biohazardous medical waste before it has to be dealt with?

A

90 days or less

28
Q

Difference between Category A and Category B biological substances?

A

A- materials known to contain certain etiologic agents
B- materials being shipped for purpose of diagnosis or investigation that MAY contain etiologic agents

29
Q

Recommended depopulation methods for large animals?

A

gunshot or penetrating captive bolt

30
Q

Recommended depopulation methods for medium animals?

A

Non-penetrating captive bolt or carbon monoxide

31
Q

Recommended depopulation methods for poultry?

A

carbon dioxide, argon or nitrogen or water based foam POSSIBLY ventilation shutdown

32
Q

Three common methods of carcass disposal?

A

Incineration, burying (at LEAST 4 feet deep and covered with lime), rendering

33
Q

Methods of mass carcass disposal

A

burial, incineration, composting, rendering, and alkaline hydrolysis

34
Q

What is a safe way to dispose of carcasses infected with foot and mouth disease?

A

Incineration (2001)

35
Q

What is a safe way to dispose of carcasses infected with Anthrax?

A

Don’t want to handle things any more than you have to, incineration or alkaline hydrolysis and rendering

36
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of disease patterns and transmission

37
Q

Who was John Snow and what did he study

A

father of epidemiology, studied a cholera outbreak in London, traced it back to a single water pump

38
Q

Miasmatic theory of disease

A

disease transmitted by a miasma or low cloud that hangs on the surface of the earth

39
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

a shift in patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious disease to chronic disease

40
Q

demographic transition

A

a shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much better rates in developed countries

41
Q

Robert Koch

A

demonstrated association between microorganisms and disease

42
Q

temporality

A

cause or exposure observed before the effect

43
Q

biological gradient

A

dose-response, shows a linear trend in association between exposure and disease

44
Q

what are the four measurements to express sampling error?

A

CIs, standard error, margin of error, coefficient of variance

45
Q

Four different types of bias in epidemiologic studies

A

recall, selection, observer, confounding

46
Q

Recall bias

A

ability of subjects to recall, be aware of limitation

47
Q

observer bias

A

observers indirectly affect results, can subvert with double-blind procedures/multiple observers/scripts

48
Q

selection bias

A

accidentally selecting only a subset (often for efficiency), can subvert with randomization

49
Q

Confounding bias

A

confounding factors, think about in design phase

50
Q

Type I error

A

false positive, null hypothesis rejected when actually true

51
Q

Type II error

A

false negative, null hypothesis not rejected when actually false

52
Q

study designs in descriptive epidemiology

A

case report, case series, cross-sectional (last has control group)

53
Q

ecologic fallacy

A

associations that old true at a large group level are not necessarily true of individuals

54
Q

difference between a ratio, proportion and rate

A

ratio means comparison, proportion is part of a whole, and rate means events over specific amount of time

55
Q

prevalence

A

number of cases/ number of people in population

56
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases/ number of persons in population

57
Q

specific rates

A

rates based on a particular subgroup of the population

58
Q

adjusted rates

A

statistical procedures have been applied to remove effect of differences in composition of various populations

59
Q

what is the most important consideration during the planning phase of designing a workshop?

A

your audience!!!

60
Q

ICAM

A

international animal welfare organization that publishes guidance on population management

61
Q

four DPM foundations

A

legislation and enforcement, task force, advocacy, and community engagement

Public Health (3 decks)

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