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Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers (early embryo development)

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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2
Q

The Nervous System develops (before/after) primary germ layer formation

A

After

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3
Q

What term is failure of rostral closure of neural tube?

A

anencephaly (no head develops)

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4
Q

What term is failure of caudal closure of neural tube?

A

myeloschisis

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary divisions of neural tube development / primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

What are the divisions of the prosencephalon in secondary brain vesicles?

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the mesencephalon in secondary brain vesicles?

A

No additional divisions
Mesencephalon still

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8
Q

What are the secondary divisions of the rhombencephalon?

A

myelencephalon
metencephalon

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9
Q

Forebrain =

A

prosencephalon

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10
Q

Midbrain =

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

hindbrain =

A

rhombencephalon

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12
Q

endbrain =

A

telencephalon

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13
Q

Cavity of telencephalon

A

lateral ventricles

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14
Q

Cavity of diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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15
Q

Cavity of mesencephalon

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

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16
Q

Cavity of metencephalon

A

fourth ventricle (rostral)

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17
Q

Cavity of myelencephalon

A

fourth ventricle (caudal)

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18
Q

spinal cord cavity

A

central canal

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19
Q

Derivatives of Telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres
basal nuclei
limbic system

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20
Q

Derivatives of Diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

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21
Q

Derivatives of Mesencephalon

A

Tectum
Cerebral Peduncles

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22
Q

Derivatives of Metencephalon

A

Pons
Cerebellum

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23
Q

Derivatives of Myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

Function of cerebral hemispheres

A

higher level coordination

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25
Q

What are basal nuclei?

A

groups of nerve cell bodies in CNS
in base of cerebral hemisphere

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26
Q

Part of brain a part of limbic system

A

hippocampus

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27
Q

Limbic System function

A

emotions / behavior

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28
Q

Thalamus function

A

receive sensory info & relay to cerebral cortex (hearing, vision)

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29
Q

Hypothalamic sulcus

A

separates thalamus from hypothalamus

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30
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

homeostasis
endocrine regulation
hormone secretion

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31
Q

Tectum (+ colliculi) function

A

hearing / vision reflexes

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32
Q

Cerebral peduncles function

A

transport nerve impulses

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33
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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34
Q

What tissue type if dura mater made of?

A

DICCT

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35
Q

Dura Mater in the skull (has/doesn’t have) an epidural space.

A

doesn’t have

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36
Q

What is the dura mater synonymous as in the skull?

A

periosteum

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37
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

endothelial lined spaces in dura where blood collects from brain

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38
Q

An epidermal space is (present/not present) in the dura mater of the spinal cord.

A

present

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39
Q

The dura mater continues as ______ in spinal nerves within spinal cord.

A

epineurium

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40
Q

What are the 3 layers of the dura mater in the skull?

A

Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli Membranaceum
Diaphragma Sellae

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41
Q

Where is the falx cerebri?

A

separates L/R hemispheres (“fissure”)

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42
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli membranaceum?

A

separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum (“transverse fissure”)

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43
Q

Where is the diaphragma sellae?

A

connects pituitary stalk

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44
Q

Hypophyseal fossa (sella tersica)

A

depression where pituitary sits

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45
Q

The arachnoid layer of the meninges is made of modified ______ and is very (thin/thick).

A

fibroblasts
thin

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46
Q

What tissue type if Pia Mater made up of?

A

Loose connective tissue

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47
Q

Name the order of meninges layers

A

dura mater (outermost)
arachnoid (middle)
pia mater (innermost)

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48
Q

Which meninges layer is filled with CSF?

A

arachnoid

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49
Q

Where in the CSF located within the arachnoid layer of meninges?

A

subarachnoid space

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50
Q

What does arachnoid continue as?

A

perineurium

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51
Q

Perineural epithelioid cells are modified _______ in the perineurium.

A

fibroblasts

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52
Q

Which layer of the meninges adheres directly to brain/cord?

A

Pia Mater

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53
Q

What is the term for a thickening of dura mater that connects pia mater to dura mater?

A

Denticulate Ligament

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54
Q

Where is the denticulate ligament located?

A

between every spinal nerve pair

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55
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligament?

A

suspend spinal cord in subarachnoid space

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56
Q

What is the term for the thin strand that is an extension of the pia mater?

A

Filum terminale

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57
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale?

A

anchor end of spinal cord with caudal vertebrae

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58
Q

What is the anastomotic circle that is the start of blood supply in brain?

A

Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)

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59
Q

3 major branches of CAC

A

rostral cerebral A
middle cerebral A
caudal cerebral A

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60
Q

________ A provides blood into CAC formed by anastomosis of _______ Aa.

A

Basilar A
Vertebral Aa

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61
Q

The _______ A is present in CAC of dogs, horses, and humans.

A

L & R internal carotid Aa

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62
Q

Cats, ruminants, and pigs, (have/don’t have) a Basilar A supplying blood to CAC.

A

have

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63
Q

The internal carotid A (supplies/doesn’t supply) CAC in cats, ruminants, pigs.

A

NO supply to CAC

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64
Q

_______ A branches to supply CAC and brain in cats, pigs, ruminants

A

Maxillary A

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65
Q

What is the term to describe a network of vessels into the CAC?

A

rete mirable?

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66
Q

Which species is most prone to damage by the rete mirable and why?

A

cats
on outside of skull
–> blindness / neuro disorders if opened for long periods

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67
Q

Ruminants have a rete mirable (outside/inside) the skull.

A

Inside

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68
Q

_______ A branches from the Basilar A and runs at the end of the ventral median fissure into the ______ & ______.

A

Ventral Spinal A
spinal cord + meninges

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69
Q

Veins are (parallel/not parallel) to arteries in CNS.

A

NOT parallel

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70
Q

What are dural venous sinuses lined by?

A

endothelium

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71
Q

What are the 3 major dural venous sinuses?

A

Dorsal Sagittal Sinus
Transverse Sinuses
Cavernous Sinuses

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72
Q

which major dural venous sinus is unpaired?

A

dorsal sagittal sinus

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73
Q

Where is the dorsal sagittal sinus located?

A

Falx Cerebri

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74
Q

Where are the transverse sinuses located?

A

tentorium cereblli membranaceum

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75
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses located?

A

each side of diaphragma sellae

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76
Q

What is the function of the cavernous sinuses?

A

hold cranial nerves that influence eye movement

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77
Q

(T/F) The spinal cord has no dural venous sinuses.

A

True

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78
Q

Where does blood drain into in the spinal cord?

A

vertebral venous plexus

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79
Q

Where is the vertebral venous plexus located?

A

epidural space

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80
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

prevent pressure on blood vessels

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81
Q

What produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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82
Q

Where is choroid plexus located?

A

each brain ventricle

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83
Q

Describe flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> 3rd ventricle –> mesencephalic aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> lateral aperture of 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space –> central canal in spine

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84
Q

What are the two ways to obtain CSF for sampling?

A

cerebellomedullary cistern
lumbosacral space

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85
Q

Where is a needle inserted within the cerebellomedullary cistern?

A

subarachnoid space

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86
Q

Where is the needle inserted within the lumbosacral space?

A

between spinal process of last lumbar vert & sacrum edge

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87
Q

(T/F) There is concern for damage to the spinal cord inserting a needle into the lumbosacral space.

A

False | spinal cord ended sooner

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88
Q

Latin word for spinal cord

A

medulla spinalis

89
Q

prefix for medulla or marrow

A

myelo

90
Q

Cone-shaped caudal end of spinal cord

A

Conus Medullaris

91
Q

Term for inflammation of spinal cord (or bone marrow)

A

myelitis

92
Q

The epidural space in spinal cord is filled with ________ for protection.

A

Adipose tissue

93
Q

Location of cervical intumescence

A

C6-T2

94
Q

Location of lumbar intumescence

A

L4-S2

95
Q

Term for termination of pia mater

A

filum terminale

96
Q

Groove in dorsal midline of spinal cord

A

dorsal median sulcus

97
Q

Groove where dorsal rootlets attach

A

dorsal intermediate sulcus

98
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord is made of ______.

A

Neuron cell bodies

99
Q

What are the 3 parts of gray matter in spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn
lateral horn
ventral horn

100
Q

Dorsal horn is (sensory/motor).

A

Sensory

101
Q

What kind of neurons are present within the lateral horn of the gray matter in spinal cord?

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

102
Q

___________ neurons are present within the ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.

A

Lower motor neurons

103
Q

Alpha motor neurons supply ______ muscle fibers in the ventral horn.

A

extrafusal

104
Q

Gamma motor neurons supply _____ muscle fibers in the ventral horn.

A

intrafusal

105
Q

What is the function of the ventral horn in the gray matter of spinal cord?

A

motor innervation –> skeletal muscle

106
Q

Gray Commissures

A

gray matter that crosses midline

107
Q

White Matter in spinal cord is made of mainly __________.

A

myelinated axons

108
Q

(White/Gray) Matter is made up of tracts/fascicles.

A

White matter

109
Q

Funiculi

A

collections of axons or “column” which made up fascicles/tracts

110
Q

What are the 3 funiculi present in white matter?

A

dorsal funiculus
lateral funiculus
ventral funiculus

111
Q

Dorsal funiculus includes only (ascending/descending) tracts and is (sensory/motor).

A

Ascending
Sensory

112
Q

Dorsal funiculus is going (toward/away from) brain.

A

toward

113
Q

What are the two fascicles of the dorsal funiculus of the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

fasciculus gracillis
fasciculus cuneatus

114
Q

Which tract is between the dorsal median sulcus & dorsal intermediate sulcus?

A

fasciculus gracilis

115
Q

Fasciculus gracillis is (motor/sensory) to the (caudal/cranial) half of the body to the brain.

A

sensory
caudal (pelvis, abdomen, tail)

116
Q

Which tract is between the dorsal median sulcus and the dorsal lateral sulcus?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

117
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus is (sensory/motor) from the (cranial/caudal) half of the body to the brain.

A

sensory
cranial (thorax, limb, neck)

118
Q

What funiculi is located between dorsal & ventral funiculi?

A

lateral funiculus

119
Q

The lateral funiculus has (ascending/descending) tracts.

A

TRICK QUESTION: both!

120
Q

What are the 4 ascending tracts of the lateral funiculus?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar
ventral spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
spinotectal

121
Q

What are the 4 descending tracts of the lateral funiculus?

A

lateral corticospinal
lateral reticulospinal
rubrospinal
lateral tectospinal

122
Q

The ventral funiculus is where the ____ emerge.

A

ventral roots

123
Q

(T/F) The ventral funiculus is predominant in ascending tracts.

A

False- descending

124
Q

What are the 2 tracts of the ventral funiculus?

A

tectospinal
ventral corticospinal

125
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

126
Q

What is the term for long nerve roots at caudal of spinal cord?

A

Cauda Equina

127
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves (C T L S)

A

C= 8
T= 13
L= 7
S= 3

128
Q

What are two types of lower motor neurons?

A

alpha motor neurons
gamma motor neurons

129
Q

What are the 4 classes of Spinal Nn?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

130
Q

General Somatic Efferent Spinal Nn made of _____ neurons.

A

lower motor

131
Q

Where are cell bodies of the neurons in GSE spinal nerves located?

A

ventral horn

132
Q

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) spinal nerves are (sensory/motor) and made of ________ neurons.

A

sensory
pseudounipolar

133
Q

What two processes are on the pseudo unipolar neurons in the GSA spinal nerves?

A

Central Process + Peripheral Process

134
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons in GSE (general somatic efferent) spinal nerves?

A

dorsal root ganglion

135
Q

What is the function of GSA spinal nerves?

A

function as free nerve endings in epithelium
detect pain/temp (corpuscles)

136
Q

Non-encapsulated tactile corpuscles detect ______.

A

fine touch

137
Q

Encapsulated tactile corpuscles detect _____.

A

touch

138
Q

Lamellar corpuscles detect ______.

A

pressure | vibration

139
Q

General Visceral Efferent (GVE) spinal Nn are (sensory/motor) from viscera.

A

motor

140
Q

What spinal cord segments are GVE spinal nerves located?

A

thoracolumbar segments

141
Q

The cell bodies of ____________ neurons are part of the spinal nerves of GVE.

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons in lateral horn

142
Q

General Visceral Afferent (GVA) is (sensory/motor) from viscera.

A

Sensory

143
Q

(T/F) Spinal nerves have dorsal & ventral roots.

A

False

144
Q

Term for info traveling through one side (in/out same side)

A

ipsilateral

145
Q

Term for info traveling across sides

A

contralateral

146
Q

What 3 things do lower motor neurons receive input from?

A

afferent fibers
interneurons
upper motor neurons

147
Q

Proprioception

A

awareness of body in space

148
Q

Nociception

A

pain perception

149
Q

What is the function of fasciculus gracillis + fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Conscious proprioception
tactile input
nociception

150
Q

What is function of dorsal spinocerebellar & ventral spinocerebellar tract?

A

subconscious proprioception
coordinated body movements

151
Q

Function of spinothalamic tract

A

touch, temperature, nociception

152
Q

Function of lateral corticospinal tract

A

skilled, discrete movement of distal limbs

153
Q

Function of medullary reticulospinal tract

A

extensor function (inhibitory)

154
Q

Function of rubrospinal tract

A

posture, locomotion, voluntary movement (flexors)

155
Q

Function of pontine reticulospinal tract

A

extensor function, facilitatory

156
Q

Function of lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

extensor phase of gait

157
Q

Fibers for proprioception are (large/small), (lightly/heavily) myelinated, and (deep/superficial).

A

large
heavily myelinated
superficial fibers

158
Q

Fibers for nociception are (large/small), (lightly/heavily) myelinated, and (superficial/deep).

A

small
lightly myelinated
deep fibers

159
Q

(Large/small) fibers and (proprioception/nociception) damage indicate a worse prognosis.

A

small fibers
nociception

160
Q

What are 3 signs of lower motor neuron damage?

A

loss of reflex
loss of muscle tone
muscle atrophy

161
Q

What are the 4 somatosensations (body sensations)

A

touch
proprioception
temperature
nociception

162
Q

What is the 4 step pattern of sensation?

A

receptor organ
axon (info –> CNS)
central relay (thalamus)
cortical representation (somatosensory cortex)

163
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors

A

detect sensory info via free nerve endings and make into electrical signal

164
Q

Exteroreceptors location

A

cutaneous/skin sensation

165
Q

Interoreceptors location

A

viscera

166
Q

Proprioceptors detect:

A

placement in space

167
Q

Aa / AB fibers are (small/large) | (myelinated/unmyelinated) | (slow/fast) conduction.

A

large
myelinated
rapid

168
Q

Ag / C fibers are (small/large) and (non-myelinated/myelinated).

A

small
lightly/non-myelinated

169
Q

Aa / AB fibers detect:

A

touch (vibration/stretch)

170
Q

What receptors sense touch and made of Aa / AB fibers?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disks
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini endings

171
Q

Which fiber type is responsible for proprioception?

A

Aa fibers (1a & 1b)

172
Q

What are the receptors for proprioception?

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs

173
Q

What are the fiber types that are thermoreceptors?

A

Ag / C fibers

174
Q

What are the fiber types that sense nociception?

A

Ag / C

175
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.

A

3 neurons
contralateral

176
Q

The Spinocerebellar Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.

A

2 neurons
ipsilateral (cross 2x)

177
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.

A

3 neurons
contralateral

178
Q

What are groups of cell bodies in CNS called?

A

nucleus

179
Q

What are groups of cell bodies in PNS called?

A

ganglion

180
Q

What are groups of axons in CNS called?

A

tract

181
Q

What are groups of axons in PNS called?

A

nerve

182
Q

3 functions of somatic motor system

A
  1. initiate, modify, terminate voluntary movement
  2. maintain muscle tone/support
  3. regulate posture
183
Q

Motor neurons are (pseudounipolar/multipolar) and (efferent/afferent) neurons.

A

multipolar
efferent

184
Q

(T/F) Upper Motor Neurons are confined within descending pathways of CNS.

A

True

185
Q

(T/F) UMNs directly innervate muscle.

A

False
but influence LMN

186
Q

(T/F) Lower Motor Neurons directly innervate muscle tissue and induce contraction.

A

True

187
Q

Paresis/paralysis, absent/decreased reflex, muscle tone, and neurogenic muscle atrophy of all signed of _____ lesions.

A

Lower Motor Neuron

188
Q

What is the term for a muscle’s resistance to being stretched?

A

muscle tone

189
Q

(T/F) Muscle Tone = Muscle Strength

A

False

190
Q

(T/F) There is a constant, low-level stimulation of alpha & gamma motor neurons to maintain tone.

A

True

191
Q

Lateral funiculus facilitates (flexors/extensors).

A

flexors

192
Q

Ventral funiculus facilitates (flexors/extensors)

A

extensors

193
Q

What is the most important pathway in executing voluntary movement in dogs?

A

rubrospinal tract

194
Q

Complex, learned voluntary movements are from the (pyramidal/extrapyramidal) tracts.

A

Pyramidal

195
Q

Antigravity, posture, rhythmic activities are from the (pyramidal/extrapyramidal) tracts.

A

extrapyramidal

196
Q

(Pyramidal/Extrapyramidal) tracts are the primary UMN pathways used in animals.

A

Extrapyramidal

197
Q

Where do axons in the pyramidal system pass through?

A

medullary pyramids

198
Q

What 2 areas do UMN originate from?

A

pontine reticular formation
medullary reticular formation

199
Q

(T/F) Cerebellum does not initiate motor function.

A

True
only coordinate

200
Q

(T/F) The cerebellum is directly inhibitory.

A

FALSE

201
Q

What is the primary system for maintaining balance, equilibrium, and body orientation?

A

vestibular system

202
Q

Subcortical collections of cell bodies in telencephalon that modify motor cortex output

A

Basal Nuclei

203
Q

Term used for condition of weakness or reduction of voluntary movement

A

paresis

204
Q

Term for complete loss of voluntary movement

A

paralysis

205
Q

Signs of UMN lesion

A

paresis/paralysis
normal/increased reflexes
normal/increased muscle tone

206
Q

Signs of LMN lesion

A

paresis/paralysis
decreased/absent reflexes
decreased/absent muscle tone
neurogenic atrophy

207
Q

(UMN/LMN) lesion may have worse prognosis.

A

LMN

208
Q

Term for uncoordinated & inconsistent movement.

A

ataxia

209
Q

Term for disturbance in movement rate, range, force | inability to synchronize

A

Dysmetria

210
Q

Exaggerated voluntary movements (type of dysmetria)

A

hypermetria

211
Q

Inadequate inhibition of UMN

A

spasticity (excessive muscle tone)

212
Q

Failure to coordinate activity of antagonistic muscles of head/neck during purposeful movement

A

intention tremor

213
Q

(T/F) Paresis occurs with cerebellar disease.

A

False

214
Q

Balance is lost, but _____ and ____ are preserved in vestibular ataxia.

A

strength
proprioception

215
Q

Involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eyes

A

nystagmus

216
Q

What is indicative of vestibular disease?

A

increased extensor muscle tone & hyperactive reflexes

217
Q

During peripheral vestibular disease, the head will tilt (away/towards) the side of the lesion.

A

towards

218
Q

In nystagmus in peripheral vestibular disease, the fast phase is (away/toward) the affected side.

A

away

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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