Exam 1 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 primary germ layers (early embryo development)
A
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
2
Q
The Nervous System develops (before/after) primary germ layer formation
A
After
3
Q
What term is failure of rostral closure of neural tube?
A
anencephaly (no head develops)
4
Q
What term is failure of caudal closure of neural tube?
A
myeloschisis
5
Q
What are the 3 primary divisions of neural tube development / primary brain vesicles?
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
6
Q
What are the divisions of the prosencephalon in secondary brain vesicles?
A
telencephalon
diencephalon
7
Q
What are the divisions of the mesencephalon in secondary brain vesicles?
A
No additional divisions
Mesencephalon still
8
Q
What are the secondary divisions of the rhombencephalon?
A
myelencephalon
metencephalon
9
Q
Forebrain =
A
prosencephalon
10
Q
Midbrain =
A
mesencephalon
11
Q
hindbrain =
A
rhombencephalon
12
Q
endbrain =
A
telencephalon
13
Q
Cavity of telencephalon
A
lateral ventricles
14
Q
Cavity of diencephalon
A
third ventricle
15
Q
Cavity of mesencephalon
A
mesencephalic aqueduct
16
Q
Cavity of metencephalon
A
fourth ventricle (rostral)
17
Q
Cavity of myelencephalon
A
fourth ventricle (caudal)
18
Q
spinal cord cavity
A
central canal
19
Q
Derivatives of Telencephalon
A
cerebral hemispheres
basal nuclei
limbic system
20
Q
Derivatives of Diencephalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
21
Q
Derivatives of Mesencephalon
A
Tectum
Cerebral Peduncles
22
Q
Derivatives of Metencephalon
A
Pons
Cerebellum
23
Q
Derivatives of Myelencephalon
A
medulla oblongata
24
Q
Function of cerebral hemispheres
A
higher level coordination
25
What are basal nuclei?
groups of nerve cell bodies in CNS
in base of cerebral hemisphere
26
Part of brain a part of limbic system
hippocampus
27
Limbic System function
emotions / behavior
28
Thalamus function
receive sensory info & relay to cerebral cortex (hearing, vision)
29
Hypothalamic sulcus
separates thalamus from hypothalamus
30
Hypothalamus function
homeostasis
endocrine regulation
hormone secretion
31
Tectum (+ colliculi) function
hearing / vision reflexes
32
Cerebral peduncles function
transport nerve impulses
33
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
34
What tissue type if dura mater made of?
DICCT
35
Dura Mater in the skull (has/doesn't have) an epidural space.
doesn't have
36
What is the dura mater synonymous as in the skull?
periosteum
37
Dural Venous Sinuses
endothelial lined spaces in dura where blood collects from brain
38
An epidermal space is (present/not present) in the dura mater of the spinal cord.
present
39
The dura mater continues as ______ in spinal nerves within spinal cord.
epineurium
40
What are the 3 layers of the dura mater in the skull?
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli Membranaceum
Diaphragma Sellae
41
Where is the falx cerebri?
separates L/R hemispheres ("fissure")
42
Where is the tentorium cerebelli membranaceum?
separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum ("transverse fissure")
43
Where is the diaphragma sellae?
connects pituitary stalk
44
Hypophyseal fossa (sella tersica)
depression where pituitary sits
45
The arachnoid layer of the meninges is made of modified ______ and is very (thin/thick).
fibroblasts
thin
46
What tissue type if Pia Mater made up of?
Loose connective tissue
47
Name the order of meninges layers
dura mater (outermost)
arachnoid (middle)
pia mater (innermost)
48
Which meninges layer is filled with CSF?
arachnoid
49
Where in the CSF located within the arachnoid layer of meninges?
subarachnoid space
50
What does arachnoid continue as?
perineurium
51
Perineural epithelioid cells are modified _______ in the perineurium.
fibroblasts
52
Which layer of the meninges adheres directly to brain/cord?
Pia Mater
53
What is the term for a thickening of dura mater that connects pia mater to dura mater?
Denticulate Ligament
54
Where is the denticulate ligament located?
between every spinal nerve pair
55
What is the function of the denticulate ligament?
suspend spinal cord in subarachnoid space
56
What is the term for the thin strand that is an extension of the pia mater?
Filum terminale
57
What is the function of the filum terminale?
anchor end of spinal cord with caudal vertebrae
58
What is the anastomotic circle that is the start of blood supply in brain?
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
59
3 major branches of CAC
rostral cerebral A
middle cerebral A
caudal cerebral A
60
________ A provides blood into CAC formed by anastomosis of _______ Aa.
Basilar A
Vertebral Aa
61
The _______ A is present in CAC of dogs, horses, and humans.
L & R internal carotid Aa
62
Cats, ruminants, and pigs, (have/don't have) a Basilar A supplying blood to CAC.
have
63
The internal carotid A (supplies/doesn't supply) CAC in cats, ruminants, pigs.
NO supply to CAC
64
_______ A branches to supply CAC and brain in cats, pigs, ruminants
Maxillary A
65
What is the term to describe a network of vessels into the CAC?
rete mirable?
66
Which species is most prone to damage by the rete mirable and why?
cats
on outside of skull
--> blindness / neuro disorders if opened for long periods
67
Ruminants have a rete mirable (outside/inside) the skull.
Inside
68
_______ A branches from the Basilar A and runs at the end of the ventral median fissure into the ______ & ______.
Ventral Spinal A
spinal cord + meninges
69
Veins are (parallel/not parallel) to arteries in CNS.
NOT parallel
70
What are dural venous sinuses lined by?
endothelium
71
What are the 3 major dural venous sinuses?
Dorsal Sagittal Sinus
Transverse Sinuses
Cavernous Sinuses
72
which major dural venous sinus is unpaired?
dorsal sagittal sinus
73
Where is the dorsal sagittal sinus located?
Falx Cerebri
74
Where are the transverse sinuses located?
tentorium cereblli membranaceum
75
Where are the cavernous sinuses located?
each side of diaphragma sellae
76
What is the function of the cavernous sinuses?
hold cranial nerves that influence eye movement
77
(T/F) The spinal cord has no dural venous sinuses.
True
78
Where does blood drain into in the spinal cord?
vertebral venous plexus
79
Where is the vertebral venous plexus located?
epidural space
80
What is the function of CSF?
prevent pressure on blood vessels
81
What produces CSF?
choroid plexus
82
Where is choroid plexus located?
each brain ventricle
83
Describe flow of CSF
lateral ventricle --> interventricular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> mesencephalic aqueduct --> 4th ventricle --> lateral aperture of 4th ventricle --> subarachnoid space --> central canal in spine
84
What are the two ways to obtain CSF for sampling?
cerebellomedullary cistern
lumbosacral space
85
Where is a needle inserted within the cerebellomedullary cistern?
subarachnoid space
86
Where is the needle inserted within the lumbosacral space?
between spinal process of last lumbar vert & sacrum edge
87
(T/F) There is concern for damage to the spinal cord inserting a needle into the lumbosacral space.
False | spinal cord ended sooner
88
Latin word for spinal cord
medulla spinalis
89
prefix for medulla or marrow
myelo
90
Cone-shaped caudal end of spinal cord
Conus Medullaris
91
Term for inflammation of spinal cord (or bone marrow)
myelitis
92
The epidural space in spinal cord is filled with ________ for protection.
Adipose tissue
93
Location of cervical intumescence
C6-T2
94
Location of lumbar intumescence
L4-S2
95
Term for termination of pia mater
filum terminale
96
Groove in dorsal midline of spinal cord
dorsal median sulcus
97
Groove where dorsal rootlets attach
dorsal intermediate sulcus
98
Gray matter of spinal cord is made of ______.
Neuron cell bodies
99
What are the 3 parts of gray matter in spinal cord?
dorsal horn
lateral horn
ventral horn
100
Dorsal horn is (sensory/motor).
Sensory
101
What kind of neurons are present within the lateral horn of the gray matter in spinal cord?
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
102
___________ neurons are present within the ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.
Lower motor neurons
103
Alpha motor neurons supply ______ muscle fibers in the ventral horn.
extrafusal
104
Gamma motor neurons supply _____ muscle fibers in the ventral horn.
intrafusal
105
What is the function of the ventral horn in the gray matter of spinal cord?
motor innervation --> skeletal muscle
106
Gray Commissures
gray matter that crosses midline
107
White Matter in spinal cord is made of mainly __________.
myelinated axons
108
(White/Gray) Matter is made up of tracts/fascicles.
White matter
109
Funiculi
collections of axons or "column" which made up fascicles/tracts
110
What are the 3 funiculi present in white matter?
dorsal funiculus
lateral funiculus
ventral funiculus
111
Dorsal funiculus includes only (ascending/descending) tracts and is (sensory/motor).
Ascending
Sensory
112
Dorsal funiculus is going (toward/away from) brain.
toward
113
What are the two fascicles of the dorsal funiculus of the white matter of the spinal cord?
fasciculus gracillis
fasciculus cuneatus
114
Which tract is between the dorsal median sulcus & dorsal intermediate sulcus?
fasciculus gracilis
115
Fasciculus gracillis is (motor/sensory) to the (caudal/cranial) half of the body to the brain.
sensory
caudal (pelvis, abdomen, tail)
116
Which tract is between the dorsal median sulcus and the dorsal lateral sulcus?
Fasciculus cuneatus
117
Fasciculus cuneatus is (sensory/motor) from the (cranial/caudal) half of the body to the brain.
sensory
cranial (thorax, limb, neck)
118
What funiculi is located between dorsal & ventral funiculi?
lateral funiculus
119
The lateral funiculus has (ascending/descending) tracts.
TRICK QUESTION: both!
120
What are the 4 ascending tracts of the lateral funiculus?
dorsal spinocerebellar
ventral spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
spinotectal
121
What are the 4 descending tracts of the lateral funiculus?
lateral corticospinal
lateral reticulospinal
rubrospinal
lateral tectospinal
122
The ventral funiculus is where the ____ emerge.
ventral roots
123
(T/F) The ventral funiculus is predominant in ascending tracts.
False- descending
124
What are the 2 tracts of the ventral funiculus?
tectospinal
ventral corticospinal
125
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?
8
126
What is the term for long nerve roots at caudal of spinal cord?
Cauda Equina
127
Number of pairs of spinal nerves (C T L S)
C= 8
T= 13
L= 7
S= 3
128
What are two types of lower motor neurons?
alpha motor neurons
gamma motor neurons
129
What are the 4 classes of Spinal Nn?
General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
130
General Somatic Efferent Spinal Nn made of _____ neurons.
lower motor
131
Where are cell bodies of the neurons in GSE spinal nerves located?
ventral horn
132
General Somatic Afferent (GSA) spinal nerves are (sensory/motor) and made of ________ neurons.
sensory
pseudounipolar
133
What two processes are on the pseudo unipolar neurons in the GSA spinal nerves?
Central Process + Peripheral Process
134
Where are the cell bodies of the neurons in GSE (general somatic efferent) spinal nerves?
dorsal root ganglion
135
What is the function of GSA spinal nerves?
function as free nerve endings in epithelium
detect pain/temp (corpuscles)
136
Non-encapsulated tactile corpuscles detect ______.
fine touch
137
Encapsulated tactile corpuscles detect _____.
touch
138
Lamellar corpuscles detect ______.
pressure | vibration
139
General Visceral Efferent (GVE) spinal Nn are (sensory/motor) from viscera.
motor
140
What spinal cord segments are GVE spinal nerves located?
thoracolumbar segments
141
The cell bodies of ____________ neurons are part of the spinal nerves of GVE.
sympathetic preganglionic neurons in lateral horn
142
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) is (sensory/motor) from viscera.
Sensory
143
(T/F) Spinal nerves have dorsal & ventral roots.
False
144
Term for info traveling through one side (in/out same side)
ipsilateral
145
Term for info traveling across sides
contralateral
146
What 3 things do lower motor neurons receive input from?
afferent fibers
interneurons
upper motor neurons
147
Proprioception
awareness of body in space
148
Nociception
pain perception
149
What is the function of fasciculus gracillis + fasciculus cuneatus?
*Conscious proprioception*
tactile input
nociception
150
What is function of dorsal spinocerebellar & ventral spinocerebellar tract?
subconscious proprioception
coordinated body movements
151
Function of spinothalamic tract
touch, temperature, nociception
152
Function of lateral corticospinal tract
skilled, discrete movement of distal limbs
153
Function of medullary reticulospinal tract
extensor function (inhibitory)
154
Function of rubrospinal tract
posture, locomotion, voluntary movement (flexors)
155
Function of pontine reticulospinal tract
extensor function, facilitatory
156
Function of lateral vestibulospinal tract
extensor phase of gait
157
Fibers for proprioception are (large/small), (lightly/heavily) myelinated, and (deep/superficial).
large
heavily myelinated
superficial fibers
158
Fibers for nociception are (large/small), (lightly/heavily) myelinated, and (superficial/deep).
small
lightly myelinated
deep fibers
159
(Large/small) fibers and (proprioception/nociception) damage indicate a worse prognosis.
small fibers
nociception
160
What are 3 signs of lower motor neuron damage?
loss of reflex
loss of muscle tone
muscle atrophy
161
What are the 4 somatosensations (body sensations)
touch
proprioception
temperature
nociception
162
What is the 4 step pattern of sensation?
receptor organ
axon (info --> CNS)
central relay (thalamus)
cortical representation (somatosensory cortex)
163
What is the function of sensory receptors
detect sensory info via free nerve endings and make into electrical signal
164
Exteroreceptors location
cutaneous/skin sensation
165
Interoreceptors location
viscera
166
Proprioceptors detect:
placement in space
167
Aa / AB fibers are (small/large) | (myelinated/unmyelinated) | (slow/fast) conduction.
large
myelinated
rapid
168
Ag / C fibers are (small/large) and (non-myelinated/myelinated).
small
lightly/non-myelinated
169
Aa / AB fibers detect:
touch (vibration/stretch)
170
What receptors sense touch and made of Aa / AB fibers?
Meissner's corpuscles
Merkel's disks
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini endings
171
Which fiber type is responsible for proprioception?
Aa fibers (1a & 1b)
172
What are the receptors for proprioception?
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
173
What are the fiber types that are thermoreceptors?
Ag / C fibers
174
What are the fiber types that sense nociception?
Ag / C
175
Dorsal Column Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.
3 neurons
contralateral
176
The Spinocerebellar Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.
2 neurons
ipsilateral (cross 2x)
177
Spinothalamic Pathway has (2/3) neurons and (contralateral/ipsilateral) output.
3 neurons
contralateral
178
What are groups of cell bodies in CNS called?
nucleus
179
What are groups of cell bodies in PNS called?
ganglion
180
What are groups of axons in CNS called?
tract
181
What are groups of axons in PNS called?
nerve
182
3 functions of somatic motor system
1. initiate, modify, terminate voluntary movement
2. maintain muscle tone/support
3. regulate posture
183
Motor neurons are (pseudounipolar/multipolar) and (efferent/afferent) neurons.
multipolar
efferent
184
(T/F) Upper Motor Neurons are confined within descending pathways of CNS.
True
185
(T/F) UMNs directly innervate muscle.
False
but influence LMN
186
(T/F) Lower Motor Neurons directly innervate muscle tissue and induce contraction.
True
187
Paresis/paralysis, absent/decreased reflex, muscle tone, and neurogenic muscle atrophy of all signed of _____ lesions.
Lower Motor Neuron
188
What is the term for a muscle's resistance to being stretched?
muscle tone
189
(T/F) Muscle Tone = Muscle Strength
False
190
(T/F) There is a constant, low-level stimulation of alpha & gamma motor neurons to maintain tone.
True
191
Lateral funiculus facilitates (flexors/extensors).
flexors
192
Ventral funiculus facilitates (flexors/extensors)
extensors
193
What is the most important pathway in executing voluntary movement in dogs?
rubrospinal tract
194
Complex, learned voluntary movements are from the (pyramidal/extrapyramidal) tracts.
Pyramidal
195
Antigravity, posture, rhythmic activities are from the (pyramidal/extrapyramidal) tracts.
extrapyramidal
196
(Pyramidal/Extrapyramidal) tracts are the primary UMN pathways used in animals.
Extrapyramidal
197
Where do axons in the pyramidal system pass through?
medullary pyramids
198
What 2 areas do UMN originate from?
pontine reticular formation
medullary reticular formation
199
(T/F) Cerebellum does not initiate motor function.
True
only coordinate
200
(T/F) The cerebellum is directly inhibitory.
FALSE
201
What is the primary system for maintaining balance, equilibrium, and body orientation?
vestibular system
202
Subcortical collections of cell bodies in telencephalon that modify motor cortex output
Basal Nuclei
203
Term used for condition of weakness or reduction of voluntary movement
paresis
204
Term for complete loss of voluntary movement
paralysis
205
Signs of UMN lesion
paresis/paralysis
normal/increased reflexes
normal/increased muscle tone
206
Signs of LMN lesion
paresis/paralysis
decreased/absent reflexes
decreased/absent muscle tone
neurogenic atrophy
207
(UMN/LMN) lesion may have worse prognosis.
LMN
208
Term for uncoordinated & inconsistent movement.
ataxia
209
Term for disturbance in movement rate, range, force | inability to synchronize
Dysmetria
210
Exaggerated voluntary movements (type of dysmetria)
hypermetria
211
Inadequate inhibition of UMN
spasticity (excessive muscle tone)
212
Failure to coordinate activity of antagonistic muscles of head/neck during purposeful movement
intention tremor
213
(T/F) Paresis occurs with cerebellar disease.
False
214
Balance is lost, but _____ and ____ are preserved in vestibular ataxia.
strength
proprioception
215
Involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eyes
nystagmus
216
What is indicative of vestibular disease?
increased extensor muscle tone & hyperactive reflexes
217
During peripheral vestibular disease, the head will tilt (away/towards) the side of the lesion.
towards
218
In nystagmus in peripheral vestibular disease, the fast phase is (away/toward) the affected side.
away
