Exam 1 Flashcards
Murray Bowen
Family Systems Theory Theorist/Practitioners.
Psychologist. Research on families of children with schizophrenia.
Importance of the ability to differentiate oneself from his or her family
Family Systems Theory Key Concepts
Individual personalities and patterns of interactions among family members have their origins in previous generations
Family systems theory key concept
Relationships are conflictual and depend upon a third-party to mediate, the idea of triangles
Family systems theory key concept
Anxiety is a normal emotion that can lead to differentiation of the self, emotional reactivity, and emotional fusion
Family systems theory key concept
Bowen believed that children’s birth order affected their personality
Family systems theory key concept
Parental projection is a main source of family anxiety
Family systems theory Description of the models hypothesis regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Emotional cutoff is the result of a family member’s emotional fusion to another member; said member is usually unaware of the fusion
Family systems theory Description of the models hypothesis regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Change occurs through detriangulation and when new relationships are built between family members
Family systems theory -Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
*Structural Family theory is also acceptable because it is under the umbrella of FST and uses this concept, as well.
Family therapist is given broad intervention strategies, not specific guidelines
Family systems theory Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
*Structural Family Theory is also acceptable
Social worker acts as a coach watching the family’s interactions from the sidelines as well as a model of rational interaction
Family systems theory Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Therapist helps lower family anxiety, facilitates family members ability to self reflect and share concerns, identifies triangles and helps deregulate them
Family systems theory Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
*Structural family theory also identifies triangles
Use of genogram to give the family insight into their functioning as a unit
Family systems theory Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Social worker engages the family in person-situation reflection that focuses on the present, as well as developmental reflection that focuses on the history of the family and its patterns
Family systems theory Discussion of how change occurs -specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
The idea that birth order is the sole indicator of personality development has been debunked
Family Systems theory: discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof
This theory is very difficult to operationalize and Bowen did not believe the empirical studies were a good measure of the therapy’s effectiveness
Family Systems theory: discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof
Research on this theory has included single case studies, and small samples that focus on the process rather than the outcome; such studies demonstrated this theory’s effectiveness with families in adoption, cancer, substance abuse, and immigration
Family Systems theory: discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof
This theory has a male bias and does not acknowledge the difference between male and female roles in the family. This theory favors the idea of separation over connection, which can lead to women being seen as enmeshed
Family Systems theory: Reflection, where applicable, of ethical issues to the theory might raise or address
According to this theory, enmeshment and triangulation are often negative. However, some clients may not agree and in fact cherish the closeness they share with their family. This theory’s therapists may push their own beliefs about family dynamics onto their clients, which is unethical
Family Systems theory: Reflection, where applicable, of ethical issues to the theory might raise or address
This theory encourages the social worker to examine the effect that outside factors have on the family ( person in environment )
Family Systems theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention or lack there of to social work values and person in environment issues particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory’s interventions may not be suitable with families who are experiencing problems directly related to such issues as poverty, unemployment, discrimination and inequality of opportunity
Family Systems theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention or lack there of to social work values and person in environment issues particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory is criticized for not being culturally sensitive.
Example: Muslim couples value connection to their families, and usually seek family members’ help to solve marital problems, which according to this theory, would be not only enmeshment but also triangulation
Family Systems theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention or lack there of to social work values and person in environment issues particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Erik Erickson
Ego Psychologist
Eda Goldstein
Ego Psychologist
Garlan Hamilton
Ego Psychology Social Worker, person in environment and it’s impacts
Florence Hollis
Ego Psychology Social Worker, person in environment, case management
What theory? What term? Objective evaluation of an emotion or thought against real life
Reality Testing
Ego Psychology key concept.
What theory? What term? Integration of internal and external stimuli
Ego Function.
Ego Psychology key concept.
Mastery & Competence: definitions and which theory?
Ego Psychology key concept.
Mastery: ability to influence their environment
Competence: persons subjective feeling about ability
Concepts of which theory? What type of concept? Pleasure and aggression, mastery and competence.
Ego Psychology key concepts: Innate Human Drives
What theory? Define these terms: Pleasure and aggression
Ego Psychology key concept.
Aggression – comes to play when one is being threatened, fight or flight, stress and how we cope with it
Pleasure -seek things out that feel good
What theory? Definition of what term? Ability to choose behaviors that are likely to promote movement toward goals; not moral or value necessarily
Judgement
Ego Psychology key concept 
What theory? What term? Oriented to time, place, and person and healthy manner
External environment
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What term? Healthy sense of self and who you are; good boundaries, reasonable and coherent psychological sense of who you are
Sense of identity
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What concept? Ability to manage relationships appropriately toward our goals and ability to see others as unique rather than replications of significant people from our past
Object relations (interpersonal)
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What concept? What term? Clinician projects personal feelings, thoughts, and behaviors onto the client due to them triggering the clinician in a certain way
Countertransference
Object relations (interpersonal)
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What concept? What term? Client projects personal feelings and experiences onto clinician because you serve a certain role in their life
Transference
Object relations (interpersonal)
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What concept? What term? Awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Superego: Conscious
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
What theory? What term? No awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 
Superego: Unconscious
Example: Unconscious Bias
Ego psychology key concepts: Sense of world and self
These stages must be completed at certain ages, one must be completed before the next one can commence
Erickson’s psychosocial stages of development
This describes which theory’s model hypothesis regarding the client?
Being stuck in a stage and inability to move past it and onto age-appropriate stages, could be contributed to by the ego functions
Ego psychology: description of the models hypothesis regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Which theory believes this hypothesis about clients?
Conflicts within the person or between the person and the external world
Ego psychology: description of the models hypothesis regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Which theory’s Description of models hypothesis regarding clients:
Life events
Hereditary
Health factors
Maladaptive defenses or interpersonal patterns
Ego psychology: description of the models hypothesis regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Self awareness and understanding is a goal > Assess ego functions and bring any to attention that are not healthy, address ego defense mechanisms
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Can assist in this process by discussing where they are in the psychosocial stages, where they want to be, and where they should be
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
This is an intervention of which theory? Uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings and bring them to consciousness
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Which theory has these specific goals/ interventions?
Make the unconscious conscious and strengthen ego functions:
-dream analysis
-Hypnosis
-Free association
-Transference and the exploration of it
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Childhood experiences are reconstructed, discussed, interpreted and analyzed > Corrective emotional experience
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Which theory uses this intervention? Adjust defense mechanisms and resolve inner conflict > Conflict neutralization
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
This is a goal of which theory? Improve fit between individual capabilities and environmental conditions
Ego psychology: discussion of how change occurs; specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
This theory uses these techniques: social worker and client relationship along with transference and countertransference
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
Exploration/ventilation/and description: social worker elicits clients thoughts and feelings about an area of concern and helps client express and explore them
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
This intervention is used by which theory? Sustainment: active and sympathetic listening, attitude of Goodwill, confidence in the client, communicates interest non-verbally, and reassures client About goal achievement
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
Person – situation reflection: guiding client to assess and reflect the current situation or the past
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
Which theory uses this technique?
Advice in guidance: occasional need to give advice or suggestions to a client about their way of thinking, reviewing feelings, or behaving
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
This intervention is used in which theory? Partializing/structuring: helping the client breakdown presenting problems into discrete units that can be addressed sequentially
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
Which theory uses this intervention ?
Education: provide information to clients about environmental resources and issues related to the clients biological, psychological, and social functioning, as well as the client’s impacts on others
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
This intervention is used in which theory?
Developmental reflection: engage client in reflection about the clients past and previous relationships with the goal of helping the client gain insight
Ego Psychology: Specific Techniques Used
This theory’s concepts are too vague (individual not family)
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
Intervention strategies are abstract
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
More deficits – oriented rather than strengths – based
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
The developmental theories commonly used in this Theory do not adequately respect human diversity
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
Interventions are open – ended and could conflict with time – limited practice settings
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
Outcomes are difficult to evaluate
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
What theory lacks evidence in this area? May not adequately facilitate pursuit of social change activities
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
This theory is more individually based than family or systems oriented
Ego Psychology: Discussion of the supporting evidence or lack thereof for this theory
This theory may not be the most inclusive for people who have developmental or cognitive delays
Ego Psychology: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
Within the educator or advice/guidance interventions, the clinician may abuse the power they have in the relationship – no longer equal now hierarchical
Ego Psychology: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
Empowers clients and aims to provide more healthy coping mechanisms to combat negative/traumatic experiences, which could aid in not internalizing oppression for example
Ego Psychology: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Does not account for cultural differences in development
Ego Psychology: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
May discriminate toward those who are disabled
Ego Psychology: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Salvador Minuchin
Psychiatry, and founder of structural family theory.
Structural family theorists/practitioners
Harry Aponte
Social Worker
Structural family theorists/practitioners
Virginia Satir 
Social Worker
Structural family theorists/practitioners
Family structure – the unspoken rules that govern the way families interact 
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Family is seen as a hierarchy
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Someone in the family has executive authority in terms of decision-making. This authority can be shared between adults
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Families consist of sub systems, like parent – child subsystem, that have boundaries from each other as well as external entities, (e.g., community organizations.).
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Rules governing each family and can be determined by the executive authority or be a collaboration among members. They can be explicit or implicit
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Each family member has a role to play, whether assigned or implied
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Alliances or coalitions can be formed between members of the family and can either be adaptive or maladaptive. Maladaptive alliances include enmeshment, when two or more members cannot function without each other, or disengagement, when two or more family members are isolated from one another
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
When a parent and child continually gang up on the other parent
Cross-generational coalition.
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Detouring coalition - when two family members hold a third member responsible for the coalition’s problems
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Triangles occur when two family members in conflict turn to a third family member for help
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Families should be flexible in all of these areas to adapt to changing situations
Structural family theory: description of key concepts
Problems arise when there is conflict between subsystems or when subsystems exclude members of the family, when the “wrong” person holds power within the Family system, when the boundaries between subsystems are too rigid (disengaged or enmeshed) , When the family lacks effective communication skills, or when the family “fails to realign” or regain normalcy after a stressful event
Structural family theory: description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Overall goal of this theory is to change the structure of the family so that it functions more efficiently
Structural family theory: description of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
In this theory, taking action and making changes with the family is more important than just talking about making changes
Structural family theory: description of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Social worker is directive during therapy, yet makes sure that the family is collaborating 
Structural family theory: description of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Social worker does not formally gather information through intense question asking, but rather observation of family interactions
Structural family theory: description of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
*Family Systems theory is also acceptable
During therapy, the social worker praises the family on their strengths; relabels/reframes problems to put them in the context; facilitates discussion and collaborative decision – making regarding family rules; encourages the family to track behavior between sessions; teaches stress management and communication skills; manipulates the family’s physical arrangement during the session (sculpting); directs family role-plays, including role reversals; and assigns tasks for family members between sessions
Structural family theory: description of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
There is little empirical evidence other than single – case studies to support using this theory over other treatment methods. However, studies have shown it’s effectiveness for use with families experiencing divorce, single fatherhood, mental illness, multigenerational parenting, violence, incest, and children with autism, learning differences, depression, anorexia, brain injury, substance abuse, and school behavior problems
Structural family theory: Discussion of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory 
Several pre-posttest studies have shown this theory’s efficacy with families whose children have anorexia, diabetes, asthma, conduct disorders, and children and adults with substance abuse problems. These studies have fewer than 200 participants and most or not randomized controlled trials
Structural family theory: Discussion of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
When using this theory with LGBT families, social workers must be aware of their own beliefs about the LGBT community in order to avoid placing judgment and personal bias on the clients
Structural family theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
This theory focuses so much on the family’s structure that family members’ emotions may get overlooked
Structural family theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
Feminists feel like this theory promotes patriarchal ideals of family functioning
Structural family theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
This theory has rigid views of what healthy communication should look like. Social workers using this theory may not acknowledge the importance of communication via social media, such as Facebook, and the rules that the family has surrounding such types of communication
Structural family theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
This theory was initially developed for oppressed populations and is effective with Black, Latine and Asian American families
Structural family theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person –in– environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This intervention is useful with families facing multiple problems, especially those in poverty and families with a member who has mental or physical illness, drug addiction, behavior problems, crime, single parenthood, and violence
Structural family theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person –in– environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Minuchin believed that this theory’s interventions have little value without the practitioner’s attention to macro – social issues that affect the family’s life
Structural family theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person –in– environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
An adapted model of this theory has been created that includes external social structures that affect the family
Structural family theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person –in– environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory can be applied in group/community settings to make community members aware of the resources and the community factors that influence their lives. The goal is to empower the community members to take action within their community
Structural family theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person –in– environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Carl Rogers
Psychologist
Person centered theory
This theorist came from a strict Christian family and entered the ministry after marriage
Carl Rogers, Person centered theory
This theorist majored in History in undergrad 
Carl Rogers, Person centered theory
People have an innate drive towards self – actualization
Person centered theory: Description of key concepts
Practitioner is not an expert in regard to the clients’ experiences
Person centered theory: Description of key concepts
This theory includes positive assumptions about people, respect for the uniqueness of human experience, and an appreciation for the social worker’s need to listen and empathize with clients
Person centered theory: Description of key concepts
Self– concept is socially constructed
Person centered theory: Description of key concepts
Distress occurs when positive regard is given conditionally and manifest as either denial or distortion
Person centered theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptom/clinical formulation
When people accept themselves, they gain an enhanced appreciation and acceptance of others
Person centered theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptom/clinical formulation
What theory? What term? This occurs when a person embraces all of their potential as reflected by their self – concept and includes an openness to experience, living life according to one’s values, trusting oneself to make decisions and being creative
Congruence.
Person centered theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptom/clinical formulation
This occurs when there is a difference between a person’s self-concept and inherent potentials
Incongruence.
Person centered theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptom/clinical formulation
Client can change if they have a strong, empathetic relationship with practitioner
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
What theory?
Change occurs when the person develops greater congruence, which can result from professional intervention, personal reflection, the use of personal supports, or exchanging eternal circumstances
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Change will occur if the therapist demonstrates empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruent/genuineness
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Practitioner is accepting and encouraging of client’s experiences as opposed to trying to interpret them
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
There is no specific therapeutic formula
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Can be used with a variety of clients ranging from people with general growth concerns to LGBT clients, as well as clients with psychosis and those who have limited verbal abilities
Person centered theory: Description of how change occurs – specific goal/intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
There is little evidence for the success of this therapy because there is no specific intervention attached to the theory
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
The Western Behavioral Science Institute is examining how this theory can enable people to escape poverty, do better in school, and ease racial tensions
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
One retrospective study of this theory found that client success was determined by the therapist’s warmth and ability to connect
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
Research in the 1990s revealed that this theory was an effective treatment for clients with alcoholism, anxiety disorders, depression, cancer, interpersonal difficulties, and schizophrenia
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
The importance of the client/therapist relationship has been demonstrated in countless studies
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
Walsh points out that there is no way to test this theory’s main assumption that all people have a self – actualizing tendency. I would further argue that it is impossible for practitioners to know what each client’s self- actualizing potential is, if it does in fact exist. “Potential” is really challenging to measure because it varies greatly from person to person and it’s difficult to operationalize. 
Person centered theory: Description of the supporting evidence, or lack there of, for this theory
The western behavioral science Institute may be biased in their research because Rogers was an active member
Person centered theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
Because there is limited research on the effects of this theory, is it truly best practice to use it as a sole method of intervention?
Person centered theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
According to Roger’s, a therapist does not need special professional knowledge to work with a client to enact change. This idea goes against the social work value of competence.
Person centered theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
This theory has a positive view of human nature and an emphasis on client empowerment
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory was the first to use the term client instead of patient, which is consistent with the social work value of dignity of the client
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Brown commends Rogers for his implication that power is a factor in the therapeutic relationship and links Rogers’ emphasis on genuineness to today’s emphasis on cultural competence
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory does not examine or address the environmental factors affecting individuals
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory cannot be used with people who are incapable of mutual relating
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory should not be used with individuals who seek direct feedback and input on their comments
Person centered theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack thereof, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
Wilhelmina Wundt
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Pavlov
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Thorndike
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Skinner
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Watson
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
This theorist coined the term behaviorism.
Believed that behavior should be able to be explained by the laws of physics
Watson. Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Tolman & Hull
Psychologists, Behavioral Theorist
These practitioners believe that mental processes are intervening variables between stimuli and responses.
Toman & Hull. Psychologists, Behavioral Theorist
Bandura
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
This practitioner founded Social Learning Theory
Bandura. Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Wolp
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
This practitioner applies learning principles to the treatment of adults with neurotic disorders
Wolp. Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Hans Eysenck
Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
This practitioner used behavior therapy to treat behavioral and emotional disorders.
Hans Eysenck. Psychologist, Behavioral Theorist
Thomas, Thyer & Mattani
Social Workers, Behavioral Theorists
Focus on observable behavior as opposed to internal mental processes
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
People are motivated by nature to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Behavior is based on environmental feedback and watching how others behave/interact
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Behavior can be changed
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Thoughts and feelings can also be reinforced or punished, not just observable behaviors
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Disbelief in psychodynamic theories of the “ego”
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
An initially neutral stimulus comes to produce a certain response after being paired repeatedly with another stimulus. 
Classical Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Using positive or negative reinforcement/punishment. Reinforcement increases behavior. Punishment decreases behavior. Positive add some thing. Negative takes away.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? The addition of some thing positive that increases target behavior
Positive reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? The addition of something negative (aversive) that decreases target behavior
Positive Punishment.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? Taking away an aversive stimulus which increases target behavior
Negative Reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? Taking away a pleasurable stimulus which decreases target behavior
Negative Punishment.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
A shy student drinks alcohol, then becomes the life of the party. All of the kids laugh and joke with them. The student then begins using alcohol more frequently. This is an example of what type of conditioning? And what theory?
Positive reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? Spanking for misbehavior, decreases the unwanted behavior. This is an example of what type of conditioning?
Abuse… oh oops I mean:
Positive Punishment.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
What theory? What concept? What term? A child puts away their toys after having played with them in order to prevent losing them as a consequence. This is an example of what type of conditioning?
Negative Reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
A shy student feels lonely and depressed so they begin drinking alcohol. When they drink, their only good friend doesn’t want to be around them. The student then decreases their use of alcohol. This is an example of what type of conditioning?
Negative Punishment
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Learned behavior from watching others.
Modeling.
Behavior theory: Description of key concepts
Behavior is neither inherently healthy or unhealthy, normal or abnormal
Behavior theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Client distress and symptoms can develop through this type of conditioning. For example, if a client experience sexual trauma outside of their favorite bar and subsequently feels anxious anytime they see or hear about the bar
Classical conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
What theory? What concept? Distress can also occur when a negative behavior is used to cope or escape one’s feelings —For example, when a person drinks in order to relieve stress.
Operant Conditioning.
Behavior theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
Clients can learn negative/maladaptive behaviors from observing others
Modeling.
Behavior theory: Description of the model’s hypotheses regarding client distress/symptoms/clinical formulation
The therapist specifies the client’s problem and then assesses environmental cues for the problem behavior in several domains that include the environment, social settings, physical cues, cognitive cues, and emotional cues – this can also be done using an eco-map. 
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/interventions/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Client change results when there is a change in the reinforcement or punishment that the client receives
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Change occurs most rapidly when the therapist provides consistent and immediate reinforcement or punishment for client behavior
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
A conditioned stimulus that usually produces a negative response is paired with a new incompatible response
Systematic desensitization.
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
The therapist models positive behavior for the client facilitate change. The client can also imagine doing the positive behavior.
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
All significant others in the client’s life must support the client’s new reinforcement strategies in order to maintain the change
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
- client problem is defined in behavioral terms
- Measurable outcomes related to problem reduction are developed
- Client and therapist gather baseline data about the clients behavior
- Steps required to reach problem resolution are specified
- Clients personal and environmental resources for making change identified
- Client and therapist identify possible obstacles to change
- An intervention strategy is chosen collaboratively between the therapist and the client
- Therapist and client collect data on clients behavior post intervention implementation
- The client and therapist evaluate treatment effectiveness regularly
- Intervention ends and the client has reached his or her goals and demonstrated likelihood to maintain those goals
Intervention is Systemic.
Behavior theory: Discussion of how change occurs – specific goals/Intervention/focus of therapy/application of clinical formulation
Effectiveness of this theory’s therapies is supported for the treatment of a wide range of disorders by quantitative research studies
Behavior theory: Discussion of the Supporting evidence or lack there of for this theory
This theory’s therapies were proven as effective as medication for the treatment of OCD in children and adolescents, and people with panic disorders
Behavior theory: Discussion of the Supporting evidence or lack there of for this theory
This theory’s interventions can lend themselves to unethical practices when it comes to exposure therapies and what clients can handle emotionally
Behavior theory: Reflection of ethical issues that the theory might raise or address
This theory’s therapies can be used with clients of all backgrounds, ages, & mental capacities
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory addresses issues of social justice and it’s intervention has been used in cases of child maltreatment, children with educational disadvantages, school violence, adolescent sexuality, HIV disease, substance abuse, crime, unemployment, marital conflict, domestic violence, race, older adult issues, chronic medical problems, and hospice care
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory urges practitioners to “become familiar with the life experiences of oppressed and culturally diverse groups because they need to understand each person’s unique set of reinforcers”
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory’s therapies include the client in decision–making processes that empower the client
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This theory does not do a good job of addressing the biopsychosocial perspective of human behavior – it does not take into account individual differences in life experience
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
It can be difficult to implement this theory for obese patients if they lack access to supermarkets, transportation, and recreational facilities, and cannot afford healthy food items or feel unsafe in their neighborhood
Behavior theory: Critical analysis of the theory’s attention, or lack there of, to social work values and person – in – environment issues, particularly related to oppression and cultural diversity
This comes to play when one is being threatened, fight or flight, stress and how we cope with it
Aggression.
Ego Psychology key concept.
Humans seek things out that feel good
Pleasure.
Ego Psychology key concept.
What theory? Definition of what term? Ability to remember, concentrate, assess situations
Direction of thought processes.
Ego Psychology key concept.
