Exam 1

Question 1

Mathieu Orfila

Answer 1

Father of Forensic Toxicology
Perfected testing for arsenic

Question 2

Calvin Goddard

Answer 2

Comparison microscope and fire arm database — ballistics

Question 3

Locard

Answer 3

Locard’s Exchange Principle: there is ALWAYS evidence (trace evidence guy)

Question 4

Alphonse Bertillion

Answer 4

Father of Criminal Identification — Bertillion Measurements (body measurement system that helped connect criminals to other crimes)

Question 5

Albert S. Osborn

Answer 5

Author of “Questioned Documents”, handwriting analyst during the Lindbergh kidnapping

Question 6

Karl Landsteiner

Answer 6

Discovered blood types by looking at the surface markers on blood cells and categorizing them

Question 7

Leone Lattes

Answer 7

Developed a method of identifying and testing dried blood. Also Precipitin test for distinguishing human blood from animal blood

Question 8

Francis Galton

Answer 8

first study on fingerprints, developed methods of classifying. Findings were used on the first case that fingerprints were used as an identifier (Francisca Rojas case)

Question 9

Walter C. McCrone

Answer 9

Lead the use of analytical techniques in forensic science, premiere microscopist
Shroud of Turin (proved it wrong)

Question 10

Hans Gross

Answer 10

Inventor of the Gross Detective System, setting the standard for how crime scenes are handled, ie objective observation —> theories

Question 11

Bertillion’s Method of Anthropometrics

Answer 11

A way of measuring specific body parts and filing them into a database in order to identify repeat offenders. Only used for a short time — Will West incident ended it when a criminal had an identical twin who had all the same measurements…but not fingerprints

Question 12

Fingerprint formation

Answer 12

Formed by the dermal papilla under your skin, which is why you cannot remove them. They don’t change with age, either.

Question 13

Latent fingerprint

Answer 13

Invisible
Made up of mostly water and other substances in the shape of a print

Question 14

Patent (visible) fingerprints

Answer 14

Made of a substance on the finger, such as paint, blood, ink, etc.

Question 15

Plastic fingerprints

Answer 15

Left by touching something maleable, such as soap, wax, putty, or dust

Question 16

The 8 types of ridge patterns

Answer 16

1. Plain arch
2. Tented arch
3. Radial loop
4. Ulnar loop
5. Plain whorl
6. Central pocket whorl
7. Double loop (a type of whorl)
8. Accidental whorl

Question 17

Obtuse angle, no deltas

Answer 17

Plain arch

Question 18

Acute angle, no deltas

Answer 18

Tented arch

Question 19

Outlet on thumb side, one delta

Answer 19

Radial loop

Question 20

Outlet on pinky side, one delta

Answer 20

Ulnar loop

Question 21

Two deltas, no outlet

Answer 21

Plain whorl

Question 22

One or two deltas, outlet

Answer 22

Central pocket whorl

Question 23

Two deltas, two loops

Answer 23

Double loop (whorl)

Question 24

Three deltas

Answer 24

Accidental whorl

Question 25

Primary Classification System

Answer 25

Edward Henry
Used to quickly eliminate suspects by counting the number of whorl prints on a person’s hands and giving them a score based on that number and which fingers the whorls appear on

Question 26

Minutiae (my-nu-sha)

Answer 26

The little details. (Bifurcation, spur, bridge, etc). No one is going to have the same minutiae in the same place on the same print as someone else

Question 27

AFIS

Answer 27

Fingerprint database kept by the FBI

Question 28

What 6 things can you identify from hair analysis?

Answer 28

1. Human or animal
2. Ancestry
3. Origin (on the body)
4. Manner in which hair was removed
5. Treated hair (dyed, permed, bleached)
6. Drugs ingested (acts like a drug timeline)

Question 29

Three structures in a hair shaft:

Answer 29

Cuticle, cortex, medulla

Question 30

Medulla patterns:

Answer 30

Uniserial ••••••••••••
Multiserial :::::::::::::::
Lattice/mosaic
Vacuolated

Question 31

Medullary index

Answer 31

Comparison of the width of the medulla to the width of the hair shaft
If the width is less than 1/3, it’s human
If the width is more than 1/2, it’s an animal

Question 32

Stages of hair growth

Answer 32

Anagen — actively growing
Catagen — transitioning to…
Telegen — no longer growing (can easily fall out)

Question 33

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 33

X-ray crystallographer who took the first picture of DNA

Question 34

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 34

Responsible for the first accurate model of DNA as a double helix

Question 35

Nucleus

Answer 35

Brain of the cell

Question 36

Chromosomes

Answer 36

Our bodies’ way of organizing the information that our genetic material contains

Question 37

Genes

Answer 37

Info blocks inside chromosomes, blueprints for a specific protein

Question 38

Alleles

Answer 38

Variations of genes (dominant, recessive, co-dominant)

Question 39

Nucleotide

Answer 39

Smaller subunits of DNA

Question 40

Nitrogen base/base pair

Answer 40

Part of the DNA structure
Two categories:
- purines
- pyrimidines

Question 41

The 4 nitrogen bases

Answer 41

Cytosine + Guanine (CG)
Adenine + Thymine (AT)

Question 42

3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 42

Sugar + nitrogen base + phosphate group

Question 43

PCR

Answer 43

How they amplify the sample of DNA so they have more to test

Question 44

STR

Answer 44

Short Tandem Repeats
- tetranuleotide — AAAG AAAG AAAG
- trinucleotide — CTT CTT CTT
- dinucleotide — AG AG AG
Number of repeats at a specific location (location is the same for every strand being tested, cut at the same place every time)

Question 45

CODIS

Answer 45

The FBI database of DNA

Question 46

Locus (plural: loci)

Answer 46

Physical position of an STR and its associated flanking sequence

Question 47

Homozygous

Answer 47

When the allele is the same (BB, bb)

Question 48

Heterozygous

Answer 48

When the alleles are different (Bb, bB)