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Abnormal Psychology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychopathology

A

another name for AP- focuses on behaviors that are atypical or unexpected

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2
Q

cultural relativism

A

there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms

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3
Q

cultural universality

A

the view that values, concepts, and behaviors characteristic of diverse cultures ca be viewed, understood, and judges according to universal standards

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4
Q

cultural relativism vs. cultural universality

A

normal/abnormal vary from culture to culture v. normal/abnormal is same across cultures

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5
Q

Szasz’s critiques of AP

A

mental health is a myth & created to control and change people

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6
Q

Rosenhan’s critiques of AP

A

ppl are admitted into hospitals even though they are completely sane

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7
Q

prevalence

A

proportion of total pop w/ a disorder in a specific period of time

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8
Q

lifetime prevalence

A

proportion of pop who have ever had a disorder

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9
Q

incidence

A

rate at which new cases arise over a period of time (ex: COVID-19 rates of new cases)

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10
Q

biological approach

A

disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction

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11
Q

divisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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12
Q

forebrain

A

responsible for crucial functions (ex: receiving/processing sensory info, thinking, perceiving, production/understanding of language)

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13
Q

midbrain

A

sensory info and controlling movement

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14
Q

hindbrain

A

most primitive functions (basic life functions)

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

forebrain- involved in advanced thinking processes

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

forebrain- responsible for regulating basic biological needs (hunger, thirst, etc) and stress

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17
Q

thalamus

A

forebrain- relay center for the cortex: handles outgoing and incoming signals

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

forebrain- connector btwn CNS and endocrine system; “master gland” that regulates secretion of other endocrine glands

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

“hormone central”- includes lots of glands that produce different hormones (messages) released in the body

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20
Q

HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Adrenal glands- at work in the fight or flight response

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21
Q

neurons

A

control attention and arousal to stimuli

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22
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals exchanged across synapses and neurons (“chemical messengers”

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23
Q

what are the 4 major parts of a neuron?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals

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24
Q

steps of communication btwn neurons

A

nerve impulse –> electrochemical signal (changes charge of neuron) –> synapse (gap btwn neurons- where communication occurs)

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25
Q

serotonin

A

responsible for memory, anxiety, and depression

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26
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure, reinforcement, and reward center of brain

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27
Q

noripinephrine

A

related to stress response- too little can cause depression

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28
Q

GABA

A

responsible for making us relaxed

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29
Q

behavior genetics

A

studies the degree to which hereditary plays a role in characteristics and behavior

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30
Q

genotype

A

the genetic material you inherit (ex: the gene that encodes eye color)

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31
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics and behaviors you exhibit (ex: actual observable eye color)

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32
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

when a risk factor and the trigger/stress come together, causing the emergence of a disorder (nature and nurture)

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33
Q

diathesis

A

risk factor

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34
Q

what are 3 common treatments in the behavioral perspective?

A

psychoactive drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosurgery

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35
Q

psychological approach

A

disorders as the result of thinking processes, personality styles, emotions, and conditioning

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36
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

uncovering the unconscious (Freud)

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37
Q

conscious (Freud)

A

part of our mind not within our awareness

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38
Q

preconscious (Freud)

A

area btwn unconscious and conscious- can be retrieved and called into conscious

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39
Q

conscious (Freud)

A

part of our mind in awareness- aware of thinking, feeling, sensing, etc.

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40
Q

id

A

pleasure principle, present from birth

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41
Q

ego

A

rational/realistic part of the mind, can push things into unconscious, mediates id and superego

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42
Q

superego

A

ethics, values, beliefs- morality principle by which the ego operates

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43
Q

psychosocial stages of development

A

each associated with an erogenous zone- oral (0-1), anal (2-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-puberty), genital (puberty+)

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44
Q

6 techniques of psychoanalysis

A

free association, resistance, dream analysis, transference, therapist stays “blank”, hypnosis, working through

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45
Q

free associacation

A

let the patient say whatever comes to mind (freudian slip)

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46
Q

resistance

A

noticing what patient doesn’t want to talk about and interpreting cause

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47
Q

dream analysis

A

take what happened in dream (manifested content) and look at latent (hidden) feelings through symbolism

48
Q

therapist stays “blank”

A

therapist doesn’t share info about themselves/stays as blank as possible so client can more easily project their experiences onto them

49
Q

psychodynamic strengths

A

bringing unconscious into conscious awareness- ppl gain insight to current state of mind/emotions

50
Q

psychodynamic critiques

A

difficult/impossible to test empirically; unaffordable for many people

51
Q

humanistic perspective

A

based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life (goal: self-actualization)

52
Q

carl rogers theory

A

individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-actualization

53
Q

self actualization

A

when an individual reaches their fullest potential

54
Q

congruence

A

how we view our self concept is in line with who we actually are

55
Q

incongruence

A

how we view our self concept doesn’t match who we actually are (causes cognitive dissonance)

56
Q

client centered therapy

A

discover the patient’s potential through self-exploration

57
Q

what are the 3 therapeutic conditions of client-centered therapy?

A

Genuity, uncondtional positive regard, empathy

58
Q

strengths of humanistic approach

A

promoted study of heathy personality/creativity; looking at positives in human nature can be uplifting

59
Q

critiques of humanistic approach

A

difficult to test scientifically; too optimistic/rose colored glasses

60
Q

behavioral perspective

A

abnormal/normal behavior is learned

61
Q

classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response = conditioned stimulus –> conditioned response (doesn’t teach new behavior, teaches new response)

62
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviors have consequences- positive and negative reinforcement/punishment to learn behavior

63
Q

behavior change techniques

A

-removal of reinforcements
-aversion therapy
-relaxation exercises
-distraction techniques
-flooding/implosive therapy
-systematic desensitization
-operant conditioning response shaping
- behavioral contracting
-modeling and observational learning

64
Q

strengths of behavioral approach

A

observable- easier to collect data/measure scientifically; behavioral intervention useful in changing maladaptive behaviors

65
Q

critiques of behavioral approach

A

very mechanical and one-dimensional approach to human nature; doesn’t account for free will/internal feelings for explaining behavior

66
Q

cognitive (cognitive-behavioral) approach

A

interaction of cognitions and behaviors (problems are caused by maladaptive thoughts)- change thoughts –> change behaviors

67
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression

A

cognitive distortions that develop over time cause depression (ex: “nothing good ever happens to me”)

68
Q

Ellis’ rational emotive therapy

A

people’s irrational beliefs influence thoughts/emotions (ex: “I need to be loved by everyone”)

69
Q

strengths of cognitive approach

A

empirically supported; can ask how someone is feeling and connect to behaviors

70
Q

critiques of cognitive approach

A

lack of focus on emotion, difficult to prove cause of emotions and behaviors; not enough focus on client’s personal histories

71
Q

sociocultural approach

A

disorders are the result of the environmental conditions or cultural norms

72
Q

influence of family/culture

A

family: development of emotion- parenting practices, emotional family climate, emotional learning experiences

culture: all behavior and treatment is best understood in context of culture; collectivistic/individualistic

73
Q

cross cultural issues in treatment

A

most therapies focus on individual- clash with collectivistic cultures- must integrate and embrace cultural differences of patients

74
Q

reliability

A

indicates the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure

75
Q

validity

A

the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure

76
Q

standardization

A

eliminating external factors affecting response to improve validity and reliability- make sure everyone gets same measure

77
Q

purpose of assessment

A

psychodiagnosis, treatment selection, progress monitoring

78
Q

assessment methods- observation

A

observe specific behaviors and what follows (pros: don’t rely on individual to report and interpret their own behaviors; cons: individual may alter behavior when being watched)

79
Q

assessment methods- interviews

A

collect data about person’s life/personality

80
Q

structured interview

A

clinician ask respondent series of questions about their symptoms (can include mental status exam, symptom questionnaire, BDI, etc.)

81
Q

unstructured interview

A

no specific questions asked- organic convo (less reliable)

82
Q

mental status exam

A

evaluate person’s psychological and cognitive functioning (mem tests, basic questions to assess awareness)- not that deep

83
Q

psychological tests

A

standardized procedures

84
Q

self-report inventories

A

written questions, choose a response out of responses listed (ex: MMPI-2 fitting diagnosis; BDI depression symptoms (pros: quick and easy; cons: bad question wording, fixed number choices, bias)

85
Q

symptom checklists

A

quick way to cover a variety of symptoms for different disorders

86
Q

personality measures

A

MMPI-2: 10 major scales and validity scales, can assess if person is answering randomly, untruthfully, etc. (not face valid!)

87
Q

intelligence tests

A

current mental abilities, diagnose learning disabilities, identify gifted children (pros: reliable/valid; cons: innate intelligence v. cultural factors, misused for mistreatment historically

88
Q

neuropsychological assessments

A

tests for cognitive impairment; organicity: damage or deterioration in center nervous system (ex: Bender- Gestalt Visual Motor Test)

89
Q

brain imaging techniques

A

x-ray studies, CAT scan, PET scan, EEG, MRI, fMRI

90
Q

DSM-5

A

diagnostic and statistical manual that describes symptoms, criteria, and progression of disorders; has categorical and dimensional (severity) info

91
Q

pros of DSM-5

A

common language, scientific exploration, directs treatment, validation

92
Q

cons of DSM-5

A

too broad/not well defined borders, labeling/stigma, rationalization of undesirable behavior

93
Q

trauma

A

actual/threatened death, violence, or sexual violence

94
Q

typical outcomes after exposure to traumatic events

A

PTSD and ASD

95
Q

diagnostic criteria/symptoms of PTSD

A

intrusion (1+), avoidance (1+), cognition and mood (2+ ex: thoughts of guilt, depressed), arousal (2+ trauma responses)

96
Q

etiology/risk factors for PTSD

A

severity of trauma, proximity to trauma, social support, anxiety disorders, lack of power in society (social/ethnic groups)

97
Q

what are 4 types of treatments for PTSD?

A

exposure, systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, coping strategies/stress management

98
Q

symptoms/diagnostic criteria of ASD

A

intrusion, avoidance, mood, arousal, dissociation, 3 days-1 mo post trauma

99
Q

PTSD vs. ASD

A

time- if symptoms persist after 1 mo then qualifies for PTSD

100
Q

what body parts/functions are involved in the stress response

A

hypothalamus, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.

101
Q

anxiety vs. anxiety disorder

A

anxiety: adaptive, controllable, in proportion to threat

anxiety disorder: maladaptive, irrational, uncontrollable, disruptive

102
Q

panic attack

A

intense stress/anxiety response that lasts about 20 mins

103
Q

specific phobias

A

fear triggered by specific object or situation

104
Q

what are the 4 types of phobias

A

situational type, animal type, natural-environment type, blood-injection injury type

105
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety surrounding social situations caused by fear of being rejected, judged, or humiliated and leads individuals to avoid social interactions and situations associated with potential social scrutiny

106
Q

panic disorder

A

when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when they are not usually provoked by any particular situation/are unexpected, and when person begins to worry about having them and changes behavior as a result of worry

107
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places where it might be hard to escape or to get help if one becomes anxious (ex: public transport, open spaces, shops/theatres, crowded places, etc)

108
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

experience of excessive anxiety about ordinary, everyday situations and is intrusive/causes distress of functional impairment

109
Q

what are common treatments for anxiety related disorderss?

A

systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, Barlow’s panic control therapy (PCT)

110
Q

systematic desensitization therapy

A

gradual exposure paired w/ relaxation techniques (classically conditioned relaxation: habituation)

111
Q

exposure therapy

A

immediate exposure to thing that causes anxiety (ex: touching dirty doorknob)

112
Q

OCD

A

recurring thoughts/obsessions causing anxiety; compulsive, recurring actions to reduce the anxiety

113
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

preoccupation with possible defects in appearance; repetitive behaviors

114
Q

trichotillomania

A

hair pulling

115
Q

excoriation disorder

A

skin picking; most common in the face

116
Q

what is the danger of treatment with meds

A

addiction and withdrawal (reverses effect of the drug- increased anxiety)

117
Q

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

A

repeatedly exposes client to focus of obsession and prevents compulsive responses to resulting anxiety (form of CBT)

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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