exam 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
psychopathology
A
another name for AP- focuses on behaviors that are atypical or unexpected
2
Q
cultural relativism
A
there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms
3
Q
cultural universality
A
the view that values, concepts, and behaviors characteristic of diverse cultures ca be viewed, understood, and judges according to universal standards
4
Q
cultural relativism vs. cultural universality
A
normal/abnormal vary from culture to culture v. normal/abnormal is same across cultures
5
Q
Szasz’s critiques of AP
A
mental health is a myth & created to control and change people
6
Q
Rosenhan’s critiques of AP
A
ppl are admitted into hospitals even though they are completely sane
7
Q
prevalence
A
proportion of total pop w/ a disorder in a specific period of time
8
Q
lifetime prevalence
A
proportion of pop who have ever had a disorder
9
Q
incidence
A
rate at which new cases arise over a period of time (ex: COVID-19 rates of new cases)
10
Q
biological approach
A
disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction
11
Q
divisions of the brain
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
12
Q
forebrain
A
responsible for crucial functions (ex: receiving/processing sensory info, thinking, perceiving, production/understanding of language)
13
Q
midbrain
A
sensory info and controlling movement
14
Q
hindbrain
A
most primitive functions (basic life functions)
15
Q
cerebral cortex
A
forebrain- involved in advanced thinking processes
16
Q
hypothalamus
A
forebrain- responsible for regulating basic biological needs (hunger, thirst, etc) and stress
17
Q
thalamus
A
forebrain- relay center for the cortex: handles outgoing and incoming signals
18
Q
pituitary gland
A
forebrain- connector btwn CNS and endocrine system; “master gland” that regulates secretion of other endocrine glands
19
Q
endocrine system
A
“hormone central”- includes lots of glands that produce different hormones (messages) released in the body
20
Q
HPA axis
A
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Adrenal glands- at work in the fight or flight response
21
Q
neurons
A
control attention and arousal to stimuli
22
Q
neurotransmitters
A
chemicals exchanged across synapses and neurons (“chemical messengers”
23
Q
what are the 4 major parts of a neuron?
A
dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
24
Q
steps of communication btwn neurons
A
nerve impulse –> electrochemical signal (changes charge of neuron) –> synapse (gap btwn neurons- where communication occurs)
25
serotonin
responsible for memory, anxiety, and depression
26
dopamine
pleasure, reinforcement, and reward center of brain
27
noripinephrine
related to stress response- too little can cause depression
28
GABA
responsible for making us relaxed
29
behavior genetics
studies the degree to which hereditary plays a role in characteristics and behavior
30
genotype
the genetic material you inherit (ex: the gene that encodes eye color)
31
phenotype
the observable characteristics and behaviors you exhibit (ex: actual observable eye color)
32
diathesis-stress model
when a risk factor and the trigger/stress come together, causing the emergence of a disorder (nature and nurture)
33
diathesis
risk factor
34
what are 3 common treatments in the behavioral perspective?
psychoactive drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosurgery
35
psychological approach
disorders as the result of thinking processes, personality styles, emotions, and conditioning
36
psychodynamic perspective
uncovering the unconscious (Freud)
37
conscious (Freud)
part of our mind not within our awareness
38
preconscious (Freud)
area btwn unconscious and conscious- can be retrieved and called into conscious
39
conscious (Freud)
part of our mind in awareness- aware of thinking, feeling, sensing, etc.
40
id
pleasure principle, present from birth
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ego
rational/realistic part of the mind, can push things into unconscious, mediates id and superego
42
superego
ethics, values, beliefs- morality principle by which the ego operates
43
psychosocial stages of development
each associated with an erogenous zone- oral (0-1), anal (2-3), phallic (3-6), latency (6-puberty), genital (puberty+)
44
6 techniques of psychoanalysis
free association, resistance, dream analysis, transference, therapist stays "blank", hypnosis, working through
45
free associacation
let the patient say whatever comes to mind (freudian slip)
46
resistance
noticing what patient doesn't want to talk about and interpreting cause
47
dream analysis
take what happened in dream (manifested content) and look at latent (hidden) feelings through symbolism
48
therapist stays "blank"
therapist doesn't share info about themselves/stays as blank as possible so client can more easily project their experiences onto them
49
psychodynamic strengths
bringing unconscious into conscious awareness- ppl gain insight to current state of mind/emotions
50
psychodynamic critiques
difficult/impossible to test empirically; unaffordable for many people
51
humanistic perspective
based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life (goal: self-actualization)
52
carl rogers theory
individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-actualization
53
self actualization
when an individual reaches their fullest potential
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congruence
how we view our self concept is in line with who we actually are
55
incongruence
how we view our self concept doesn't match who we actually are (causes cognitive dissonance)
56
client centered therapy
discover the patient's potential through self-exploration
57
what are the 3 therapeutic conditions of client-centered therapy?
Genuity, uncondtional positive regard, empathy
58
strengths of humanistic approach
promoted study of heathy personality/creativity; looking at positives in human nature can be uplifting
59
critiques of humanistic approach
difficult to test scientifically; too optimistic/rose colored glasses
60
behavioral perspective
abnormal/normal behavior is learned
61
classical conditioning
neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus --> unconditioned response = conditioned stimulus --> conditioned response (doesn't teach new behavior, teaches new response)
62
operant conditioning
behaviors have consequences- positive and negative reinforcement/punishment to learn behavior
63
behavior change techniques
-removal of reinforcements
-aversion therapy
-relaxation exercises
-distraction techniques
-flooding/implosive therapy
-systematic desensitization
-operant conditioning response shaping
- behavioral contracting
-modeling and observational learning
64
strengths of behavioral approach
observable- easier to collect data/measure scientifically; behavioral intervention useful in changing maladaptive behaviors
65
critiques of behavioral approach
very mechanical and one-dimensional approach to human nature; doesn't account for free will/internal feelings for explaining behavior
66
cognitive (cognitive-behavioral) approach
interaction of cognitions and behaviors (problems are caused by maladaptive thoughts)- change thoughts --> change behaviors
67
Beck's cognitive therapy for depression
cognitive distortions that develop over time cause depression (ex: "nothing good ever happens to me")
68
Ellis' rational emotive therapy
people's irrational beliefs influence thoughts/emotions (ex: "I need to be loved by everyone")
69
strengths of cognitive approach
empirically supported; can ask how someone is feeling and connect to behaviors
70
critiques of cognitive approach
lack of focus on emotion, difficult to prove cause of emotions and behaviors; not enough focus on client's personal histories
71
sociocultural approach
disorders are the result of the environmental conditions or cultural norms
72
influence of family/culture
family: development of emotion- parenting practices, emotional family climate, emotional learning experiences
culture: all behavior and treatment is best understood in context of culture; collectivistic/individualistic
73
cross cultural issues in treatment
most therapies focus on individual- clash with collectivistic cultures- must integrate and embrace cultural differences of patients
74
reliability
indicates the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure
75
validity
the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure
76
standardization
eliminating external factors affecting response to improve validity and reliability- make sure everyone gets same measure
77
purpose of assessment
psychodiagnosis, treatment selection, progress monitoring
78
assessment methods- observation
observe specific behaviors and what follows (pros: don't rely on individual to report and interpret their own behaviors; cons: individual may alter behavior when being watched)
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assessment methods- interviews
collect data about person's life/personality
80
structured interview
clinician ask respondent series of questions about their symptoms (can include mental status exam, symptom questionnaire, BDI, etc.)
81
unstructured interview
no specific questions asked- organic convo (less reliable)
82
mental status exam
evaluate person's psychological and cognitive functioning (mem tests, basic questions to assess awareness)- not that deep
83
psychological tests
standardized procedures
84
self-report inventories
written questions, choose a response out of responses listed (ex: MMPI-2 fitting diagnosis; BDI depression symptoms (pros: quick and easy; cons: bad question wording, fixed number choices, bias)
85
symptom checklists
quick way to cover a variety of symptoms for different disorders
86
personality measures
MMPI-2: 10 major scales and validity scales, can assess if person is answering randomly, untruthfully, etc. (not face valid!)
87
intelligence tests
current mental abilities, diagnose learning disabilities, identify gifted children (pros: reliable/valid; cons: innate intelligence v. cultural factors, misused for mistreatment historically
88
neuropsychological assessments
tests for cognitive impairment; organicity: damage or deterioration in center nervous system (ex: Bender- Gestalt Visual Motor Test)
89
brain imaging techniques
x-ray studies, CAT scan, PET scan, EEG, MRI, fMRI
90
DSM-5
diagnostic and statistical manual that describes symptoms, criteria, and progression of disorders; has categorical and dimensional (severity) info
91
pros of DSM-5
common language, scientific exploration, directs treatment, validation
92
cons of DSM-5
too broad/not well defined borders, labeling/stigma, rationalization of undesirable behavior
93
trauma
actual/threatened death, violence, or sexual violence
94
typical outcomes after exposure to traumatic events
PTSD and ASD
95
diagnostic criteria/symptoms of PTSD
intrusion (1+), avoidance (1+), cognition and mood (2+ ex: thoughts of guilt, depressed), arousal (2+ trauma responses)
96
etiology/risk factors for PTSD
severity of trauma, proximity to trauma, social support, anxiety disorders, lack of power in society (social/ethnic groups)
97
what are 4 types of treatments for PTSD?
exposure, systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, coping strategies/stress management
98
symptoms/diagnostic criteria of ASD
intrusion, avoidance, mood, arousal, dissociation, 3 days-1 mo post trauma
99
PTSD vs. ASD
time- if symptoms persist after 1 mo then qualifies for PTSD
100
what body parts/functions are involved in the stress response
hypothalamus, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.
101
anxiety vs. anxiety disorder
anxiety: adaptive, controllable, in proportion to threat
anxiety disorder: maladaptive, irrational, uncontrollable, disruptive
102
panic attack
intense stress/anxiety response that lasts about 20 mins
103
specific phobias
fear triggered by specific object or situation
104
what are the 4 types of phobias
situational type, animal type, natural-environment type, blood-injection injury type
105
social anxiety disorder
anxiety surrounding social situations caused by fear of being rejected, judged, or humiliated and leads individuals to avoid social interactions and situations associated with potential social scrutiny
106
panic disorder
when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when they are not usually provoked by any particular situation/are unexpected, and when person begins to worry about having them and changes behavior as a result of worry
107
agoraphobia
fear of places where it might be hard to escape or to get help if one becomes anxious (ex: public transport, open spaces, shops/theatres, crowded places, etc)
108
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
experience of excessive anxiety about ordinary, everyday situations and is intrusive/causes distress of functional impairment
109
what are common treatments for anxiety related disorderss?
systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, Barlow's panic control therapy (PCT)
110
systematic desensitization therapy
gradual exposure paired w/ relaxation techniques (classically conditioned relaxation: habituation)
111
exposure therapy
immediate exposure to thing that causes anxiety (ex: touching dirty doorknob)
112
OCD
recurring thoughts/obsessions causing anxiety; compulsive, recurring actions to reduce the anxiety
113
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with possible defects in appearance; repetitive behaviors
114
trichotillomania
hair pulling
115
excoriation disorder
skin picking; most common in the face
116
what is the danger of treatment with meds
addiction and withdrawal (reverses effect of the drug- increased anxiety)
117
exposure and response prevention (ERP)
repeatedly exposes client to focus of obsession and prevents compulsive responses to resulting anxiety (form of CBT)
