Exam 1 Flashcards
What is nutrition?
An interdisciplinary science that studies factors that affect our food choices, the chemical and physiological processes involved in processing and delivering the chemical components of those foods to cells throughout our body, and ultimately how those chemicals affect our health every day.
What is the key reason to study the science of nutrition?
A lifetime of good health.
What do the substances we consume do once broken down?
Fuel activity, and build and support the body’s tissues.
What is a nutrient?
A chemical substance that is required for growth and to maintain proper body functioning.
What is an essential nutrient?
Must be supplied through what we eat and drink because the body cannot produce them or enough of them on its own.
What are the six classes of nutrients that are required for the body to function?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
What are the six classes of nutrients required for?
Normal growth, development, reproduction, maintenance, repair of cells, and other vital body processes.
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients that are needed in relatively large quantities to stay healthy.
What nutrients are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water.
What macronutrients doesn’t supply energy?
Water.
How many Calories are in 1 gram of protein?
4 Calories.
How many Calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
4 Calories.
How many Calories are in 1 gram of lipids?
9 Calories.
What macronutrient is a critical source of energy for the brain and red blood cells, and helps regulate bowel function?
Carbohydrates.
What macronutrient is required synthesis of hormones and other compounds that regulate many body processes?
Lipids.
What macronutrient regulates fluid balance and facilitates chemical reactions?
Proteins.
What macronutrient controls body temperature and is involved in many chemical reaction?
Water.
What are kilocalories?
Equal to 1000 calories, reference the amount of energy in food, “kcal” “Calorie”.
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients that are needed in much smaller amounts, do not supply energy or calories but are crucial for normal growth and development.
What nutrients are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals.
What micronutrient participates in nearly every chemical reaction in the body, with some functioning as hormones?
Vitamins.
What micronutrient most cooperate with proteins to facilitate chemical reactions, participate in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, and provide body structure?
Minerals.
What are phytochemicals?
Chemicals in plants that are beneficial to human health, commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
What is malnutrition?
A state of inadequate or unbalanced nutrition.
What are two forms of malnutrition?
Under nutrition and over nutrition.
What is a nutrient deficiency?
A lack of specific essential nutrients.
What is obesity?
A condition characterized by excessive body fat and often associated with other health problems.
What is a chronic disease?
A disease that is generally slow in progression and of long duration.
What is the committee that provides guidance on health and science policy?
Health and Medicine Division
What is the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?
Quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used to plan and assess diets for healthy people.
What are the DRIs five values for nutrients?
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Adequate Intake (AI), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
The recommended nutrient intake levels that meet the daily needs and decrease risks of chronic disease in almost all healthy people for different sexes and life-stage groups.
What is the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)?
The average nutrient intake level estimated to meet the daily requirements of half of the healthy individuals, according to sex and life stage.
What is the Adequate Intake (AI)?
The estimated value for recommended daily nutrient intake level used when there is insufficient evidence to determine a specific RDA.
What is the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)?
The nutrient intakes that are expected to reduce chronic disease risk.
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)?
The maximum amount of nutrient allowed that has been proved to have no risk of side effects.
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?
Intake ranges for energy-yielding macronutrients that are consistent with good health, expressed as a percent of total calories.
What is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?
The average energy intake predicted to maintain current body weight in a healthy adult of a specific age, sex, weight, height, and activity level. 50% of individuals will have energy needs higher or lower than this value.
What percentage of Calories should be carbohydrates?
Between 45% and 65%.
What percentage of Calories should be proteins?
Between 10% and 35%.
What percentage of Calories should be fats?
Between 20% and 35%.