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Anatomy Physiology 201 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

examine internally

A

dissection/imaging/histology/cytology

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2
Q

examine externally

A

inspection/palpitation/auscultation/percussion

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3
Q

anatomy

A

study of form

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4
Q

diff approaches to anatomy

A

gross/microscopic

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5
Q

physiology

A

study of fxn

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6
Q

hierarchy of body

A

organism>organ sys>organs>tissues>cells>organelles>molecules>atoms

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7
Q

anatomical variation

A

no two things are alike, variation in organ locations, 30% variation

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8
Q

characteristics of life

A

cellular comp, organization, reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism: anabolism/excretion/catabolism, development: differentiation/growth, Evolution: mutations, responsiveness/movement: stimuli

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

set point: average point
dynamic equilibrium: fluctuations

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10
Q

negative feedback

A

activation of mechanism that reverses or negates change
EXAMPLES: -thermostat
-body temp trying to heat up (vasoconstriction) or cooling off (vasodilation)
-person rises from bed and gets light headed

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11
Q

positive feedback

A

self amplifying
EXAMPLES: -pregnant uterus
-Fever >104°

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12
Q

Anatomical position

A

standing upright, arms extended, palms n toes facing forward

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13
Q

Anatomical planes

A

Imaginary flat surface passing through body

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14
Q

Anatomical section

A

actual cut or slice that reveals internal organs

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15
Q

Body regions

A

AXIAL: head/neck/trunk
thoracic region- above diaphragm
abdominal region- below diaphragm
APPENDICULAR: limbs
upper: brachial, antebrachial, carpool, manual, digits
lower: femoral, crural, tarsal, pedal, digit

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16
Q

cranial cavity

A

Brain line with meninges

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17
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Pleural: around lungs Mediastinum: region between heart
pericardial: around the heart

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18
Q

What divides the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

what divides the abdomen cavity from pelvic cavity

A

pelvic brim

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20
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

digestive organs, kidneys, ureters, urethra, rectum , urinary bladder, reproductive system, peritoneal cavity and fluid

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21
Q

Serous membranes

A

visceral lines organs
parietal lines cavities
peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
pericardium/pleural: thoracic cavity

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22
Q

potential spaces

A

found between two membranes pressed together firmly
- Pleural cavity
- Nonpregnant uterus

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23
Q

what organ systems protect support and provide movement

A

muscular skeletal and integumentary

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24
Q

What organ systems input an output

A

Digestive urinary respiratory

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25
Q

What organ system defends

A

lymphatic 

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26
Q

What organ system reproduces

A

Reproduction system

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27
Q

what organ system has internal communication and Integration 

A

endocrine and nervous

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28
Q

what organ system has Fluid transport

A

lymphatic and circulatory

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29
Q

Integumentary

A

cutaneous glands, nails, hair, skin

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30
Q

Muscular

A

skeletal muscles

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31
Q

skeletal

A

ligaments, cartilages, bones

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32
Q

Lymphatic

A

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

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33
Q

respiratory

A

trachea, larynx, pharynx, lungs, nose, bronchi

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34
Q

Urinary

A

urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, kidneys

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35
Q

Nervous

A

spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, brain

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36
Q

Endocrine

A

parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal glands, pineal glands, pituitary glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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37
Q

Circulatory

A

blood vessels, heart

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38
Q

Digestive

A

Liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, salivary glands, tongue, intestines, teeth, gallbladder

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39
Q

female

A

Vagina, mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus

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40
Q

Male

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, spermatic ducts, epididymides, bulbourethral, testes, penis

41
Q

major constituents of cell

A

E.C.F= fluid outside cell
Cytoplasm= organelles, cytoskeletons, I.C.F.
Plasma Membrane= made of proteins/lipids, surrounds cell

42
Q

Plasma Membrane Fxn

A

defines cell boundaries, governs interactions with other cells, controls passage of materials in and out

43
Q

unit membrane

A

underlying bilayer composed of phospholipids

44
Q

Types of lipids

A

75% phospholipids: Amphilic molecules arranged and bilayer
20% cholesterol: holds phospholipid still and can stiffen membrane
5% glycolipids: short carbohydrate chain on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx

45
Q

glycocalyx

A

unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane

46
Q

Microvilli

A

provide surface area for cell, good for absorption, short and thick, and digestive tract

47
Q

cilia

A

movement “antenna” on cell, in inner ear, retina, nasal, kidney
-motile is in resp. tract, uterine tube, ventricle of brain

48
Q

flagella

A

movement “tail”
-in sperm

49
Q

selective permeable membrane

A

allows things in and out

50
Q

Active transport

A

used ATP, active/vesicular transport

51
Q

Passive Transport

A

No ATP, filtration/diffusion/osmosis

52
Q

filtration:

A

particles are driven through selective permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

53
Q

Simple diffusion

A

net movement of particles from area of high to low concentration

54
Q

osmosis

A

Flow of water from one side of selective permeable membrane to another, non permeating solutes draws water to it

55
Q

tonicity

A

Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell which depend on concentration & permeability a solute

56
Q

Hypotonic

A

has a lower concentration of non-permeating solids than Intracellular fluid
-cell absorbs water, swells, and can burst

57
Q

hypertonic

A

has higher concentration of non permeating solutes than ICF
- cell loses water and shrivels up

58
Q

isotonic

A

concentration in cell and ICF are same
-no change

59
Q

carrier mediated transport

A

needs transport proteins to carry solute
UNI- one solute
SYM- two or more in same direction
ANTI- two or more in diff direction

60
Q

transport maximum

A

transport rate when all carriers are occupied

61
Q

vesicular transport

A

endocytosis: brings into cell
—PHAGO: engulf particles
—PINO: takes in ECF & uses “helpful” particles
—Receptor Mediated: particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
exocytosis: discharging material from cell

62
Q

inclusions

A

Store cellular comp & fat droplets

63
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
“ framework of cell “

64
Q

Nucleus

A

controls cell

65
Q

ribosome

A

“read” coded genetics from messenger RNA and assembles A.A. into proteins

66
Q

peroxisomes

A

uses oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

67
Q

centrioles

A

involved in cell division, pull cells apart in mitosis

68
Q

golgi complex

A

synthesizes carbohydrates & glycoproteins, puts finishing touches on proteins

69
Q

mitochondria

A

synthesizes ATP

70
Q

lysosomes

A

digestion system of cells
-autoPHAGY: breakdown organelles
-autoLYSIS: breakdown of entire cell

71
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

ROUGH: produces phospholipids and proteins, synthesizes proteins from organelles
SMOOTH: synthesizes steroids and other lipids and manufactures all membranes of cell

72
Q

germ layer: ectoderm

A

Gives rise to epidermidis/nervous system (outer)

73
Q

Germ layer: endoderm

A

gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tract (inner)

74
Q

germ layer: mesoderm

A

gives rise to muscle/blood/bone (middle)

75
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs
-flat sheet of close cells
-Simple: all cells touch basement membrane
-stratified: Cells rest on each other and don’t touch basement membrane

76
Q

Connective tissue

A

-not in direct contact with each other, highly vascular, found in E.C.M.
-Fibrous, fat, cartilage, bone, blood
-binds organs, transports, support, physical/immune protection, movement, storage, heat production

77
Q

diff types of connective tissue

A

aerolar: epidermis
dense irregular: dermis
reticular: lymphatic organs
dense regular: tendons
hyaline: larynx
elastic: ear
fibro: menisci

78
Q

nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication by electrical/chemical signals
- in brain/spinal chord

79
Q

muscular tissue

A

elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation

80
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal: striated voluntary, multiple nuclei, found on bones
Cardiac: striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the heart
Smooth: non-striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the intestines

81
Q

Tight intercellular junction

A

prevent substance from passing through, cells bound together by outer phospholipid layer of plasma membrane

82
Q

desmosomes

A

patch that holds cells together

83
Q

Gap intercellular junction

A

ring like connexon, allows communication

84
Q

Where are gap junctions not found

A

Blood & metastatic cancer cells

85
Q

endocrine glands

A

Lose contact with body surface, no ducts, hormones

86
Q

exocrine glands

A

maintain contact with body surface by way of duct

87
Q

unicellular glands

A

predominately non secretory

88
Q

types of secretion

A

serous: thin/watery
mixed: thin/watery/sticky
mucous: sticky
cytogenic: whole sperm/egg cells

89
Q

methods of secretion

A

merocrine/apocrine: release secretion by exocytosis
holocrine: gets product then disintegrates

90
Q

hyperplasia

A

growth through cell multiplication

91
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of pre existing cells

92
Q

differentiation

A

Unspecialized tissues become specialized 

93
Q

metaplasia

A

changing from one type of mature tissue to another existing tissue

94
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells not yet performing specialized functions, used for research purposes

95
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of Tissue through loss cell size/#

96
Q

disuse atrophy

A

lack of use

97
Q

necrosis

A

premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma or toxin or infection

98
Q

Types of necrosis

A

infraction: sudden death due to cut off blood supply
gangrene: necrosis due to insufficient blood supply
decubitus vicer: bed/pressure sore

99
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

Anatomy Physiology 201 (11 decks)

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