exam #1 Flashcards
examine internally
dissection/imaging/histology/cytology
examine externally
inspection/palpitation/auscultation/percussion
anatomy
study of form
diff approaches to anatomy
gross/microscopic
physiology
study of fxn
hierarchy of body
organism>organ sys>organs>tissues>cells>organelles>molecules>atoms
anatomical variation
no two things are alike, variation in organ locations, 30% variation
characteristics of life
cellular comp, organization, reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism: anabolism/excretion/catabolism, development: differentiation/growth, Evolution: mutations, responsiveness/movement: stimuli
Homeostasis
set point: average point
dynamic equilibrium: fluctuations
negative feedback
activation of mechanism that reverses or negates change
EXAMPLES: -thermostat
-body temp trying to heat up (vasoconstriction) or cooling off (vasodilation)
-person rises from bed and gets light headed
positive feedback
self amplifying
EXAMPLES: -pregnant uterus
-Fever >104°
Anatomical position
standing upright, arms extended, palms n toes facing forward
Anatomical planes
Imaginary flat surface passing through body
Anatomical section
actual cut or slice that reveals internal organs
Body regions
AXIAL: head/neck/trunk
thoracic region- above diaphragm
abdominal region- below diaphragm
APPENDICULAR: limbs
upper: brachial, antebrachial, carpool, manual, digits
lower: femoral, crural, tarsal, pedal, digit
cranial cavity
Brain line with meninges
Thoracic cavity
Pleural: around lungs Mediastinum: region between heart
pericardial: around the heart
What divides the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
what divides the abdomen cavity from pelvic cavity
pelvic brim
abdominopelvic cavity
digestive organs, kidneys, ureters, urethra, rectum , urinary bladder, reproductive system, peritoneal cavity and fluid
Serous membranes
visceral lines organs
parietal lines cavities
peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
pericardium/pleural: thoracic cavity
potential spaces
found between two membranes pressed together firmly
- Pleural cavity
- Nonpregnant uterus
what organ systems protect support and provide movement
muscular skeletal and integumentary
What organ systems input an output
Digestive urinary respiratory
What organ system defends
lymphatic 
What organ system reproduces
Reproduction system
what organ system has internal communication and Integration 
endocrine and nervous
what organ system has Fluid transport
lymphatic and circulatory
Integumentary
cutaneous glands, nails, hair, skin
Muscular
skeletal muscles
skeletal
ligaments, cartilages, bones
Lymphatic
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
respiratory
trachea, larynx, pharynx, lungs, nose, bronchi
Urinary
urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, kidneys
Nervous
spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, brain
Endocrine
parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal glands, pineal glands, pituitary glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Circulatory
blood vessels, heart
Digestive
Liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, salivary glands, tongue, intestines, teeth, gallbladder
female
Vagina, mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus
Male
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, spermatic ducts, epididymides, bulbourethral, testes, penis
major constituents of cell
E.C.F= fluid outside cell
Cytoplasm= organelles, cytoskeletons, I.C.F.
Plasma Membrane= made of proteins/lipids, surrounds cell
Plasma Membrane Fxn
defines cell boundaries, governs interactions with other cells, controls passage of materials in and out
unit membrane
underlying bilayer composed of phospholipids
Types of lipids
75% phospholipids: Amphilic molecules arranged and bilayer
20% cholesterol: holds phospholipid still and can stiffen membrane
5% glycolipids: short carbohydrate chain on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx
glycocalyx
unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane
Microvilli
provide surface area for cell, good for absorption, short and thick, and digestive tract
cilia
movement “antenna” on cell, in inner ear, retina, nasal, kidney
-motile is in resp. tract, uterine tube, ventricle of brain
flagella
movement “tail”
-in sperm
selective permeable membrane
allows things in and out
Active transport
used ATP, active/vesicular transport
Passive Transport
No ATP, filtration/diffusion/osmosis
filtration:
particles are driven through selective permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Simple diffusion
net movement of particles from area of high to low concentration
osmosis
Flow of water from one side of selective permeable membrane to another, non permeating solutes draws water to it
tonicity
Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell which depend on concentration & permeability a solute
Hypotonic
has a lower concentration of non-permeating solids than Intracellular fluid
-cell absorbs water, swells, and can burst
hypertonic
has higher concentration of non permeating solutes than ICF
- cell loses water and shrivels up
isotonic
concentration in cell and ICF are same
-no change
carrier mediated transport
needs transport proteins to carry solute
UNI- one solute
SYM- two or more in same direction
ANTI- two or more in diff direction
transport maximum
transport rate when all carriers are occupied
vesicular transport
endocytosis: brings into cell
—PHAGO: engulf particles
—PINO: takes in ECF & uses “helpful” particles
—Receptor Mediated: particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
exocytosis: discharging material from cell
inclusions
Store cellular comp & fat droplets
cytoskeleton
made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
“ framework of cell “
Nucleus
controls cell
ribosome
“read” coded genetics from messenger RNA and assembles A.A. into proteins
peroxisomes
uses oxygen to oxidize organic molecules
centrioles
involved in cell division, pull cells apart in mitosis
golgi complex
synthesizes carbohydrates & glycoproteins, puts finishing touches on proteins
mitochondria
synthesizes ATP
lysosomes
digestion system of cells
-autoPHAGY: breakdown organelles
-autoLYSIS: breakdown of entire cell
endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH: produces phospholipids and proteins, synthesizes proteins from organelles
SMOOTH: synthesizes steroids and other lipids and manufactures all membranes of cell
germ layer: ectoderm
Gives rise to epidermidis/nervous system (outer)
Germ layer: endoderm
gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tract (inner)
germ layer: mesoderm
gives rise to muscle/blood/bone (middle)
Epithelial tissue
-covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs
-flat sheet of close cells
-Simple: all cells touch basement membrane
-stratified: Cells rest on each other and don’t touch basement membrane
Connective tissue
-not in direct contact with each other, highly vascular, found in E.C.M.
-Fibrous, fat, cartilage, bone, blood
-binds organs, transports, support, physical/immune protection, movement, storage, heat production
diff types of connective tissue
aerolar: epidermis
dense irregular: dermis
reticular: lymphatic organs
dense regular: tendons
hyaline: larynx
elastic: ear
fibro: menisci
nervous tissue
specialized for communication by electrical/chemical signals
- in brain/spinal chord
muscular tissue
elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation
Types of muscular tissue
skeletal: striated voluntary, multiple nuclei, found on bones
Cardiac: striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the heart
Smooth: non-striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the intestines
Tight intercellular junction
prevent substance from passing through, cells bound together by outer phospholipid layer of plasma membrane
desmosomes
patch that holds cells together
Gap intercellular junction
ring like connexon, allows communication
Where are gap junctions not found
Blood & metastatic cancer cells
endocrine glands
Lose contact with body surface, no ducts, hormones
exocrine glands
maintain contact with body surface by way of duct
unicellular glands
predominately non secretory
types of secretion
serous: thin/watery
mixed: thin/watery/sticky
mucous: sticky
cytogenic: whole sperm/egg cells
methods of secretion
merocrine/apocrine: release secretion by exocytosis
holocrine: gets product then disintegrates
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
hypertrophy
enlargement of pre existing cells
differentiation
Unspecialized tissues become specialized 
metaplasia
changing from one type of mature tissue to another existing tissue
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells not yet performing specialized functions, used for research purposes
atrophy
shrinkage of Tissue through loss cell size/#
disuse atrophy
lack of use
necrosis
premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma or toxin or infection
Types of necrosis
infraction: sudden death due to cut off blood supply
gangrene: necrosis due to insufficient blood supply
decubitus vicer: bed/pressure sore
apoptosis
programmed cell death
