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Anatomy Physiology 201 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

examine internally

A

dissection/imaging/histology/cytology

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2
Q

examine externally

A

inspection/palpitation/auscultation/percussion

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3
Q

anatomy

A

study of form

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4
Q

diff approaches to anatomy

A

gross/microscopic

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5
Q

physiology

A

study of fxn

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6
Q

hierarchy of body

A

organism>organ sys>organs>tissues>cells>organelles>molecules>atoms

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7
Q

anatomical variation

A

no two things are alike, variation in organ locations, 30% variation

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8
Q

characteristics of life

A

cellular comp, organization, reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism: anabolism/excretion/catabolism, development: differentiation/growth, Evolution: mutations, responsiveness/movement: stimuli

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

set point: average point
dynamic equilibrium: fluctuations

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10
Q

negative feedback

A

activation of mechanism that reverses or negates change
EXAMPLES: -thermostat
-body temp trying to heat up (vasoconstriction) or cooling off (vasodilation)
-person rises from bed and gets light headed

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11
Q

positive feedback

A

self amplifying
EXAMPLES: -pregnant uterus
-Fever >104°

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12
Q

Anatomical position

A

standing upright, arms extended, palms n toes facing forward

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13
Q

Anatomical planes

A

Imaginary flat surface passing through body

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14
Q

Anatomical section

A

actual cut or slice that reveals internal organs

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15
Q

Body regions

A

AXIAL: head/neck/trunk
thoracic region- above diaphragm
abdominal region- below diaphragm
APPENDICULAR: limbs
upper: brachial, antebrachial, carpool, manual, digits
lower: femoral, crural, tarsal, pedal, digit

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16
Q

cranial cavity

A

Brain line with meninges

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17
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Pleural: around lungs Mediastinum: region between heart
pericardial: around the heart

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18
Q

What divides the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

what divides the abdomen cavity from pelvic cavity

A

pelvic brim

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20
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

digestive organs, kidneys, ureters, urethra, rectum , urinary bladder, reproductive system, peritoneal cavity and fluid

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21
Q

Serous membranes

A

visceral lines organs
parietal lines cavities
peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
pericardium/pleural: thoracic cavity

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22
Q

potential spaces

A

found between two membranes pressed together firmly
- Pleural cavity
- Nonpregnant uterus

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23
Q

what organ systems protect support and provide movement

A

muscular skeletal and integumentary

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24
Q

What organ systems input an output

A

Digestive urinary respiratory

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25
What organ system defends
lymphatic 
26
What organ system reproduces
Reproduction system
27
what organ system has internal communication and Integration 
endocrine and nervous
28
what organ system has Fluid transport
lymphatic and circulatory
29
Integumentary
cutaneous glands, nails, hair, skin
30
Muscular
skeletal muscles
31
skeletal
ligaments, cartilages, bones
32
Lymphatic
lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
33
respiratory
trachea, larynx, pharynx, lungs, nose, bronchi
34
Urinary
urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, kidneys
35
Nervous
spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, brain
36
Endocrine
parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal glands, pineal glands, pituitary glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries
37
Circulatory
blood vessels, heart
38
Digestive
Liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, salivary glands, tongue, intestines, teeth, gallbladder
39
female
Vagina, mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus
40
Male
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, spermatic ducts, epididymides, bulbourethral, testes, penis
41
major constituents of cell
E.C.F= fluid outside cell Cytoplasm= organelles, cytoskeletons, I.C.F. Plasma Membrane= made of proteins/lipids, surrounds cell
42
Plasma Membrane Fxn
defines cell boundaries, governs interactions with other cells, controls passage of materials in and out
43
unit membrane
underlying bilayer composed of phospholipids
44
Types of lipids
75% phospholipids: Amphilic molecules arranged and bilayer 20% cholesterol: holds phospholipid still and can stiffen membrane 5% glycolipids: short carbohydrate chain on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx
45
glycocalyx
unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane
46
Microvilli
provide surface area for cell, good for absorption, short and thick, and digestive tract
47
cilia
movement “antenna” on cell, in inner ear, retina, nasal, kidney -motile is in resp. tract, uterine tube, ventricle of brain
48
flagella
movement “tail” -in sperm
49
selective permeable membrane
allows things in and out
50
Active transport
used ATP, active/vesicular transport
51
Passive Transport
No ATP, filtration/diffusion/osmosis
52
filtration:
particles are driven through selective permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
53
Simple diffusion
net movement of particles from area of high to low concentration
54
osmosis
Flow of water from one side of selective permeable membrane to another, non permeating solutes draws water to it
55
tonicity
Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell which depend on concentration & permeability a solute
56
Hypotonic
has a lower concentration of non-permeating solids than Intracellular fluid -cell absorbs water, swells, and can burst
57
hypertonic
has higher concentration of non permeating solutes than ICF - cell loses water and shrivels up
58
isotonic
concentration in cell and ICF are same -no change
59
carrier mediated transport
needs transport proteins to carry solute UNI- one solute SYM- two or more in same direction ANTI- two or more in diff direction
60
transport maximum
transport rate when all carriers are occupied
61
vesicular transport
endocytosis: brings into cell —PHAGO: engulf particles —PINO: takes in ECF & uses “helpful” particles —Receptor Mediated: particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane exocytosis: discharging material from cell
62
inclusions
Store cellular comp & fat droplets
63
cytoskeleton
made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules “ framework of cell “
64
Nucleus
controls cell
65
ribosome
“read” coded genetics from messenger RNA and assembles A.A. into proteins
66
peroxisomes
uses oxygen to oxidize organic molecules
67
centrioles
involved in cell division, pull cells apart in mitosis
68
golgi complex
synthesizes carbohydrates & glycoproteins, puts finishing touches on proteins
69
mitochondria
synthesizes ATP
70
lysosomes
digestion system of cells -autoPHAGY: breakdown organelles -autoLYSIS: breakdown of entire cell
71
endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH: produces phospholipids and proteins, synthesizes proteins from organelles SMOOTH: synthesizes steroids and other lipids and manufactures all membranes of cell
72
germ layer: ectoderm
Gives rise to epidermidis/nervous system (outer)
73
Germ layer: endoderm
gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tract (inner)
74
germ layer: mesoderm
gives rise to muscle/blood/bone (middle)
75
Epithelial tissue
-covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs -flat sheet of close cells -Simple: all cells touch basement membrane -stratified: Cells rest on each other and don’t touch basement membrane
76
Connective tissue
-not in direct contact with each other, highly vascular, found in E.C.M. -Fibrous, fat, cartilage, bone, blood -binds organs, transports, support, physical/immune protection, movement, storage, heat production
77
diff types of connective tissue
aerolar: epidermis dense irregular: dermis reticular: lymphatic organs dense regular: tendons hyaline: larynx elastic: ear fibro: menisci
78
nervous tissue
specialized for communication by electrical/chemical signals - in brain/spinal chord
79
muscular tissue
elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation
80
Types of muscular tissue
skeletal: striated voluntary, multiple nuclei, found on bones Cardiac: striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the heart Smooth: non-striated and involuntary, one nucleus, in the intestines
81
Tight intercellular junction
prevent substance from passing through, cells bound together by outer phospholipid layer of plasma membrane
82
desmosomes
patch that holds cells together
83
Gap intercellular junction
ring like connexon, allows communication
84
Where are gap junctions not found
Blood & metastatic cancer cells
85
endocrine glands
Lose contact with body surface, no ducts, hormones
86
exocrine glands
maintain contact with body surface by way of duct
87
unicellular glands
predominately non secretory
88
types of secretion
serous: thin/watery mixed: thin/watery/sticky mucous: sticky cytogenic: whole sperm/egg cells
89
methods of secretion
merocrine/apocrine: release secretion by exocytosis holocrine: gets product then disintegrates
90
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
91
hypertrophy
enlargement of pre existing cells
92
differentiation
Unspecialized tissues become specialized 
93
metaplasia
changing from one type of mature tissue to another existing tissue
94
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells not yet performing specialized functions, used for research purposes
95
atrophy
shrinkage of Tissue through loss cell size/#
96
disuse atrophy
lack of use
97
necrosis
premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma or toxin or infection
98
Types of necrosis
infraction: sudden death due to cut off blood supply gangrene: necrosis due to insufficient blood supply decubitus vicer: bed/pressure sore
99
apoptosis
programmed cell death

Anatomy Physiology 201 (11 decks)

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