EXAM 1

Question 1

organization levels

Answer 1

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 2

characteristics of living organisms

Answer 2

they respire (respiration), move, respond to stimuli, reproduce & grow, & are dependent on their environment

Question 3

what is homeostasis

Answer 3

state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

Question 4

positive feedback

Answer 4

when the body changes from the normal point and amplifies it
EX. child birth

Question 5

negative feedback

Answer 5

reverses a change, bringing body back to homeostasis
EX. blood pressure, body temp, blood sugar

Question 6

ionic bond

Answer 6

holds together ions with opposite charges

Question 7

covalent bond

Answer 7

two or more atoms that share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

Question 8

cation

Answer 8

positively charged ion

Question 9

anion

Answer 9

a negatively charged ion

Question 10

synthesis reactions (anabolism)

Answer 10

A+B—>AB

Question 11

decomposition reactions (catabolism)

Answer 11

AB—>A+B

Question 12

exchange reactions

Answer 12

AB+CD—-> AD+BC

Question 13

Reversible reactions

Answer 13

AB <—> A+B

Question 14

below 7 on pH scale is

Answer 14

acidic

Question 15

higher than 7 on ph scale is

Answer 15

basic or alkaline

Question 16

buffer systems

Answer 16

function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids to bases

Question 17

how do buffer systems work

Answer 17

by removing or adding protons (H+)

Question 18

carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 18

where carbonic acid can act as a weak acid & bicarbonate ion acts as a weak base

Question 19

plasma membrane

Answer 19

separating the cell’s internal environment from the external environment. It’s a barrier that regulates the flow of materials into & out of a cell. Communicates among cells & their external environment.

Question 20

active transports

Answer 20

requires energy for carrier proteins to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient

Question 21

two sources of cellular energy

Answer 21

1)energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP (primary active transport)
2) energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient (secondary active transport)

Question 22

primary active transport

Answer 22

changes the shape of a carrier protein

Question 23

secondary active transport

Answer 23

drives other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients

Question 24

passive transport

Answer 24

doesn’t require energy to move substances across the cell membrane

Question 25

protein synthesis

Answer 25

keeps cells functioning

Question 26

steps of protein synthesis

Answer 26

step 1 is transcription
step 2 is translation

Question 27

where does transcription occur

Answer 27

the nucleus

Question 28

where does translation occur

Answer 28

the cytoplasm

Question 29

what happens in transcription

Answer 29

the genetic information in DNA is copied to RNA

Question 30

what happens in translation

Answer 30

proteins are made using the information stored in the mRNA sequence

Question 31

what happens when the process of protein synthesis is done

Answer 31

the ribosomal subunits that joined to form a ribosome, separate

Question 32

DNA (A, T, G, C)

Answer 32

mRNA (U, A, C, G)

Question 33

main 4 elements found in the human body

Answer 33

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon & nitrogen

Question 34

exergonic reaction

Answer 34

release more energy than they absorb, the bonds being formed are stronger than the bonds being broken. Spontaneous

Question 35

endergonic reaction

Answer 35

absorb more energy than they release, bonds being formed are weaker than the bonds being broken. not spontaneous

Question 36

what kind of reactions are catabolic reactions

Answer 36

exergonic

Question 37

what couples endergonic & exergonic reactions

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

Catalysts

Answer 38

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. the most important catalysts in the body are enzymes