exam 1 Flashcards
Herbert Mead
- Develop personal identities through interacting with others
- others’ messages form foundation of self-concepts
- learn who you are and how you are perceived through mass communication
- looking-glass self
Content level of meaning
literal message
Pathos
appeal to emotion
logos
appeal to logic
ethos
credibility of speaker
Foucalt
power comes from controlling knowledge
textual analysis
interpretation of symbolic activities
rhetorical criticism
process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively
mediated communication
technology influences how you think and work
constructivism
organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures
cognitive schemata
4 mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience
Stereotype
- Cognitive Schemata
- predictive generalization about a person or situation based on the category we place something in and how it measures up against personal constructs, we predict what it will do
Scripts
- cognitive schemata
- sequence of activities that spell out how we are expected to act
Self-serving Bias
- tend to construct attributions that serve our personal interests
- attribute positive actions to internal and stable factors
positive visualization
- technique used to enhance success by teaching people to visualize themselves positively
empathy
ability to feel with another person
culture
beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people
language is ARBITRARY
verbal symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent
language is ABSTRACT
words stand for ideas and things, but they are not the same as those ideas and things
institutional facts
meanings of brute facts based on human interpretation
communicative rules
shared understandings among members of culture of social group about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate
loaded language
words that slant perceptions and meaning
- EX: “geezer” = pity older people
“senior citizen” = respect older people
nonverbal communication
makes up 65-93% of all communication
1 principle of nonverbal communication
nonverbal communication is ambiguous
1 principle of nonverbal communication
nonverbal behavior interacts with verbal
1 principle of nonverbal communication
nonverbal communication establishes relationships
1 principle of nonverbal communication
nonverbal communication reflects cultural values
constitutive rules
what certain behaviors are understood to count as
regulative rules
when and where certain behaviors are appropriate or not
olifactics
- type of nonverbal behavior
- perception of odors and scents
communication
systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings
systems
parts of communications are interrelated and affect one another
openness
extent to which a system affects and is affected by outside factors and processes
relationship level of meaning
expresses the relationship between communicators
Linear Model
- Harold Laswell
- one person acts on another person
- straight forward from sender to receiver
noise
anything that distorts, interferes with, or slows down the transmission of information
interactive model
- Wilbur Schramm
- communicators create and interpret messages within personal fields of experience
Quantitative Research
surveys
Qualitative Research
nonnumerical knowledge
Perception
- active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people
- shapes understanding of others’ communications and choices we make in our own communications
Selection
- choose what to notice
- notice things that stand out
Prototypes
- cognitive schemata
- knowledge structures that define the clearest or ideal examples of some category
Personal Constructs
- cognitive schemata
- mental yardstick that allows us to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement
- EX: fun OR not-fun; intelligent OR not-intelligent
brute facts
objective, concrete phenomena
punctuation
way to mark a flow of activity into meaningful units
totalizing
responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person
responsiveness
- first dimension of relationship level meaning
- eye contact, inflections, facial expressions, posture
liking
- second dimension of relationship level meaning
- indicate whether we feel positive or negative about things
power
- third dimension of relationship level meaning
- define dominance and negotiate status and influence
kinesics
- type of nonverbal behavior
- body position and motions
- includes facial
haptics
- type of nonverbal behavior
- physical touch
1 principle of nonverbal communication
nonverbal communication regulates interaction
