exam 1

Question 1

consonants can be defined by

Answer 1

their role in a syllable: onsets and codas and their articulatory properties

Question 2

voicing

Answer 2

the timing of the onset of vocal fold vibration for a consonant

Question 3

voiced consonants

Answer 3

the vocal folds are vibrating during the consonant

Question 4

voiceless consonants

Answer 4

the vocal folds do not vibrate during the consonant

Question 5

place of articulation

Answer 5

where the modification of the airstream takes place for a consonant

Question 6

manner of articulation

Answer 6

the way in which the airstream is modified to produce a consonant

Question 7

stops

Answer 7

air is stopped eintirely

Question 8

nasal

Answer 8

air is stopped, but is allowed to pass through nasal cavity

Question 9

fricative

Answer 9

air is allowed through oral cavity, but creates a lot of turbulence

Question 10

affricate

Answer 10

combination of stops and fricatives

Question 11

glide

Answer 11

start with close constriction but then is quickly changed

Question 12

liquids

Answer 12

/l, r/

Question 13

intraoral pressure

Answer 13

because the air is held back in stops, intraoral pressure refers to the air pressure behind the obstruction within the oral cavity

Question 14

nasals

Answer 14

produced by lowering the velum while completely obstructing the airstream within the oral cavity

Question 15

fricatives

Answer 15

produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel or constriction in the vocal tract

Question 16

affricates

Answer 16

a combo of a stop and a fricative. a stop is released into the constriction typical of a fricative

Question 17

approximants

Answer 17

the vocal tract is more open than in stops, fricatives, or affricates

Question 18

glides

Answer 18

approximant consonants produced with a gliding motion of the articulators

Question 19

liquids

Answer 19

approximant consonants produced with a stable articulatory setting

Question 20

acoustics

Answer 20

the study of the physical properties of sound

Question 21

time

Answer 21

in acoustics, time refers to the duration of a sound

Question 22

frequency

Answer 22

the number of cycles of a wave completed within 1 second

Question 23

pitch

Answer 23

our perception of the fundamental frequency of speech

Question 24

intensity

Answer 24

the amplitude (or loudness) of sound

Question 25

waveform

Answer 25

a graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and time appears on the x-axis

Question 26

sine wave

Answer 26

have one frequency

Question 27

spectrum

Answer 27

graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and frequency is on the x-axis

Question 28

source-sound filter

Answer 28

larynx produced the source-sound for speech. the source sound has a unique spectrum, and the filter changes the source sound meaning that source spectrum will also be altered

Question 29

harmonics

Answer 29

a component frequency in a complex sound

Question 30

fundamental frequency

Answer 30

the first harmonic

Question 31

formants

Answer 31

peaks in the spectrum, across multiple harmonics, where intensity for a particular frequency is greater than for surrounding frequencies

Question 32

F1 and tongue height

Answer 32

the higher the tongue in the mouth, the lower the first formant; low vowels have high F1

Question 33

F2 and tongue advancement

Answer 33

the farther forward the tongue is in the mouth, the high the F2; back vowels have a low F2

Question 34

voice onset time (VOT)

Answer 34

the time from the burst onset to the start of voicing in the following vowel

Question 35

burst

Answer 35

the acoustic energy created by the release of the stop

Question 36

vot signals the voicing features of

Answer 36

stops

Question 37

how do you tell the difference between pear and bear or coal and goal?

Answer 37

voice onset time

Question 38

voice bar

Answer 38

the vocal chords are moving even when your mouth is closed.

Question 39

the voice bear in a spectogram is the

Answer 39

fundamental frequency

Question 40

formant transitions

Answer 40

changes to the trajectory of a formant caused by the place of articulation of an adjacent consonant

Question 41

how do you hear the difference between tie and pie or die and guy?

Answer 41

formant transitions

Question 42

broadband noise relates to what

Answer 42

fricatives

Question 43

voiceless frequencies have

Answer 43

greater energy due to turbulence

Question 44

voiced fricatives have

Answer 44

energy from voicing (vertical striations) and a voice bar but less noise from turbulence

Question 45

sibilant fricatives

Answer 45

/s, ʃ, z, ʒ/ - alevolar and palatal fricatives

Question 46

sibilant fricatives have greater

Answer 46

intensity than other fricatvies, including more well-defined spectral shapes

Question 47

non-sibilant fricatives

Answer 47

/f, v, θ, ð, h/

Question 48

non-sibilant fricatives have

Answer 48

less intensity, diffuse noise across a larger number of fricatives

Question 49

sidebranch

Answer 49

the oral cavity becomes a sidebranch for the nasal cavity; nasal are affected by dampening
- sidebranch helps to create nasal formants

Question 50

the most prominent acoustic feature of /r/ is

Answer 50

low F3

Question 51

age of acquisition

Answer 51

not the same as asking when the child starts to use a sound

Question 52

sander graph

Answer 52

left side tells us when 50% of kids produced the sound correctly

Question 53

1990 study

Answer 53

boys typically lag behind girls in sound acquistion

Question 54

generalizations

Answer 54

1. word initial and word final are different
2. voiced stops (& h) are typically first to be acquired
3. word-final positions have voiceless stops first

Question 55

kids start where

Answer 55

word initial