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Clinical Chemistry > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Boric Acid

A

Preserves formed elements but interferes with pH reading, used to preserve urine for culture and sensitivity testing.

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2
Q

Chloroform

A

inhibits bacterial growth, causes changes in characteristics of cellular sediment, may be used in aldosterone testing.

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3
Q

Chlorhexidine

A

Inhibits bacterial growth, useful glucose preservative, stable for 72 hours, must be protected from light (affects bilirubin and urobilinogen)

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4
Q

Formalin

A

Preserves urinary sediment, and may precipitate protein and give a false-positive result for reducing substances.

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5
Q

Preservative tablets

A

Release formaldehyde, interferes with reducing substance at high concentration, increase specific gravity.

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6
Q

Toulene

A

Preserves ketones, proteins, and reducing substances. Not effective against bacteria present. Floats on the surface o urine and is flammable.

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7
Q

Thymol

A

rarely used, interferes with acid precipitation test fr protein but not reagent strip test.

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8
Q

Polyuria

A

Is when there is an excessive amount of urine at >3L/day

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9
Q

Nocturia

A

> 500ml of urine at night

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10
Q

Oliguria

A

<400ml of urine a day

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11
Q

Anuria

A

No urine output

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12
Q

Urochrome

A

Is a lipid soluble pigment that gives urine its characteristic color

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13
Q

Urobilin

A

Produces an orange/brown color

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14
Q

Uroerythrin

A

produces a pink color.

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15
Q

Clinitest

A

Detection of reducing substances

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16
Q

Ictotest

A

Detection of bilirubin

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17
Q

Acetest

A

Detection of Ketones

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18
Q

Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA)

A

Proteins

19
Q

Watson Schwartz

A

Urobillinogen and Porphobilinogen

20
Q

Normal urine pH range

A

4.5-8.0

21
Q

Methyl Red

A

Acid indicator

22
Q

Bromthymol blue

A

alkaline indicator

23
Q

Acidic Urine

A

Diet (high protein, cranberry ingestion), sleep, acidifying drugs, diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, UTI with acid producing bacteria E.coli.

24
Q

Alkaline Urine

A

Diet (vegetarian, low carbohydrate diet, citrus fruits) Alkaline drugs, Acute and chronic renal failure, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, UTI with alkaline producing organism pseudomonas.

25
Q

Mucoprotein Tamm-Horsfall is

A

secreted by renal tubules

26
Q

Tetrabromphenol blue

A

most common indicator for protein (yellow to blue)

27
Q

Pre-renal proteinuria

A

Is an increase in normal proteins-acute phase, hemoglobin, myoglobin
Abnormal light chain Bence Jones Protein

28
Q

Renal (glomerular proteinuria)

A

Glomerular disease (damage), lupus , pre-eclempsia, streneous exercise, orthostatic.

29
Q

Postrenal proteinuria

A

Inflammation anywhere in the urinary tract

30
Q

Physiological causes of increased protein

A

Emotional stress, exercise, heat or cold exposure, pregnancy, fever

31
Q

Pathological causes of increased protein

A

Glomerular nephritis, malignant hypertension, pyelonephritis, renal disease-loss of protein.

32
Q

Albuminuria can be an early detection of

A

Kidney problems in diabetics as well as UTI’s

33
Q

Bence Jones Proteins

A

Have monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that are seen in multiple myeloma. Present when precipitation appears between 40-60 degrees Celsius. Confirm with electrophoresis.

34
Q

Glucose is normally contained in

A

Glomerular ultrafiltrate and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

35
Q

Ketosis

A

Low level of ketones in the blood, normal process of the body, safe function of. A low carb ketogenic diet.

36
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Extremely high level of ketones in the blood, can turn the blood acidic, deadly if untreated, occurs in diabetics.

37
Q

Hematuria

A

Intact RBCs in urine, in dilute urine RBC’s will lyse. (Pink, red, red/brown, smoky)

38
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Urinary presence of of hemoglobin, as a result of intravascular hemolysis.

39
Q

Myoglobin

A

Heme protein of striated muscle, released as a result of muscle damage.

40
Q

Bilirubin

A

Is a highly pigmented yellow compound formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin, transported by albumin from blood to liver in order to be removed.

41
Q

Conjugated bilirubin

A

May appear in urine when presence in plasma is exceeded.

42
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Is formed bilirubin in the intestines

43
Q

Nitrate reducing bacteria reduce

A

Nitrate to nitrite.

44
Q

Ascorbic acid forms

A

Vitamin c-water voluble and obtained through dietary intake.

Clinical Chemistry (10 decks)

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