EXAM 1 Flashcards
Boric Acid
Preserves formed elements but interferes with pH reading, used to preserve urine for culture and sensitivity testing.
Chloroform
inhibits bacterial growth, causes changes in characteristics of cellular sediment, may be used in aldosterone testing.
Chlorhexidine
Inhibits bacterial growth, useful glucose preservative, stable for 72 hours, must be protected from light (affects bilirubin and urobilinogen)
Formalin
Preserves urinary sediment, and may precipitate protein and give a false-positive result for reducing substances.
Preservative tablets
Release formaldehyde, interferes with reducing substance at high concentration, increase specific gravity.
Toulene
Preserves ketones, proteins, and reducing substances. Not effective against bacteria present. Floats on the surface o urine and is flammable.
Thymol
rarely used, interferes with acid precipitation test fr protein but not reagent strip test.
Polyuria
Is when there is an excessive amount of urine at >3L/day
Nocturia
> 500ml of urine at night
Oliguria
<400ml of urine a day
Anuria
No urine output
Urochrome
Is a lipid soluble pigment that gives urine its characteristic color
Urobilin
Produces an orange/brown color
Uroerythrin
produces a pink color.
Clinitest
Detection of reducing substances
Ictotest
Detection of bilirubin
Acetest
Detection of Ketones
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA)
Proteins
Watson Schwartz
Urobillinogen and Porphobilinogen
Normal urine pH range
4.5-8.0
Methyl Red
Acid indicator
Bromthymol blue
alkaline indicator
Acidic Urine
Diet (high protein, cranberry ingestion), sleep, acidifying drugs, diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, UTI with acid producing bacteria E.coli.
Alkaline Urine
Diet (vegetarian, low carbohydrate diet, citrus fruits) Alkaline drugs, Acute and chronic renal failure, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, UTI with alkaline producing organism pseudomonas.
Mucoprotein Tamm-Horsfall is
secreted by renal tubules
Tetrabromphenol blue
most common indicator for protein (yellow to blue)
Pre-renal proteinuria
Is an increase in normal proteins-acute phase, hemoglobin, myoglobin
Abnormal light chain Bence Jones Protein
Renal (glomerular proteinuria)
Glomerular disease (damage), lupus , pre-eclempsia, streneous exercise, orthostatic.
Postrenal proteinuria
Inflammation anywhere in the urinary tract
Physiological causes of increased protein
Emotional stress, exercise, heat or cold exposure, pregnancy, fever
Pathological causes of increased protein
Glomerular nephritis, malignant hypertension, pyelonephritis, renal disease-loss of protein.
Albuminuria can be an early detection of
Kidney problems in diabetics as well as UTI’s
Bence Jones Proteins
Have monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that are seen in multiple myeloma. Present when precipitation appears between 40-60 degrees Celsius. Confirm with electrophoresis.
Glucose is normally contained in
Glomerular ultrafiltrate and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
Ketosis
Low level of ketones in the blood, normal process of the body, safe function of. A low carb ketogenic diet.
Ketoacidosis
Extremely high level of ketones in the blood, can turn the blood acidic, deadly if untreated, occurs in diabetics.
Hematuria
Intact RBCs in urine, in dilute urine RBC’s will lyse. (Pink, red, red/brown, smoky)
Hemoglobin
Urinary presence of of hemoglobin, as a result of intravascular hemolysis.
Myoglobin
Heme protein of striated muscle, released as a result of muscle damage.
Bilirubin
Is a highly pigmented yellow compound formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin, transported by albumin from blood to liver in order to be removed.
Conjugated bilirubin
May appear in urine when presence in plasma is exceeded.
Urobilinogen
Is formed bilirubin in the intestines
Nitrate reducing bacteria reduce
Nitrate to nitrite.
Ascorbic acid forms
Vitamin c-water voluble and obtained through dietary intake.
