Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the #1 cause of death in children over 1 years of age?
A
injuries and accidents
2
Q
neonate ages
A
0 - 28 days
3
Q
infant ages
A
1 month - year
4
Q
toddler ages
A
1 year - 3 years
5
Q
preschooler ages
A
3 years - 5 years
6
Q
school age ages
A
6 years - 12 years
7
Q
adolescence ages
A
13 years - 18 years
8
Q
what is the #1 health problem of childhood?
A
dental care
9
Q
define mortality
A
something that can kill you
10
Q
define morbidity
A
means disease
11
Q
difference between enabling and empowerment
A
- enabling is current abilities and competencies
- empowerment is interaction that allows the family to maintain or acquire a sense of control
12
Q
best way to learn about someone’s culture
A
ASK THEM
13
Q
what are congenital anomalies?
A
means that they happen at birth. can be deformations, disruptions, dysplasias, malformations, syndromes, association, or sequences
14
Q
what is a syndrome?
A
it is a genetic defect or two or more anomalies
15
Q
normal chromosome number
A
23 pairs (46 total)
16
Q
What is more severe: a deletion of a chromosome or an extra chromosome?
A
a deletion is more devastating
17
Q
trisomy 21
A
down syndrome
18
Q
trisomy 18
A
edwards syndrome
19
Q
trisomy 13
A
patau syndrome
20
Q
what population does klinefelter syndrome affect?
A
males
21
Q
what population does turner syndrome affect?
A
females
22
Q
explain autosomal dominant inheritance
A
- there is 50 - 50 chance
- 50 affected
- 50 normal
23
Q
explain autosomal recessive inheritance
A
- 25% affected
- 50% carriers
- 25% normal
24
Q
who are the carriers in an x-linked recessive inheritance?
A
females
25
the most common delay in children
language delay
26
what would you be sure to check if you suspect a language delay in a child?
their hearing
27
when you think of primary prevention what should you say?
it goes into place BEFORE something happens
28
when you think of secondary prevention what should you say?
it always has to do with SCREENING
29
if you have a 16 year old that acts like a 5 year old how should you treat them?
like a 5 year old
30
when you think of tertiary prevention what should you say?
tertiary has to do with TREATMENT
31
how should timeouts be carried out?
1 minute timeout for each year of age up to the age of 5
32
how should you reword a question so it is positively toward a child in a hospital?
don't ask "what CAN'T you do" but rather, "what CAN you do"
33
the three aspects you can see in a child with autism
- impaired social interaction
- impaired communication
- repeated and stereotyped patterns of behavior ~ "hand flap"
34
should you be honest with a child if a procedure might hurt?
yes, and say it will hurt just for a little bit
35
what is considered obese on a growth chart?
above the 90th percentile
36
what is considered failure to thrive on a growth chart?
under the 5th percentile
37
what is the order of vital sign measurement in an infant and toddler?
1. respirations (before disturbing the child)
2. apical HR
3. BP
4. temperature
38
if the fontanel is bulging, what should you do?
call 911 this is a medical emergency
39
what does the fontanel tell you?
hydration, intracranial pressure
40
how long should you count apical pulse rate on an infant/toddler?
a whole minute
41
if a mom is 16 years old and the grandma is 32 years old, who is the guardian of the child?
the mom. if they are over 14-15 years they can be legal guardian
42
should you let a child handle the tools to help calm them?
yes, as long as they are at least 3 years of age so that they will not swallow anything
43
what is considered a fever in a child?
38C or 100.4F
44
talk about precautions with CDIFF
it is a contact precaution. you cannot use hand sanitizer and must wash your hands with soap and water after encountering a pt. with it. you should also use bleach wipes
45
talk about some airborne precautions
varicella, measles, TB
46
do you need orders for restraining a child?
no, as long as it is of their best interest if they are trying to pull IVs out or messing with other equipment
47
what should you use to secure an IV line?
use curlex! do not you coband! it cuts off circulation
48
when would rectal administration be good to use?
children that are actively vomiting (losing too much fluid) or you can't get an IV in
49
what way should we position the pt. when giving a rectal medication?
on their left side
50
weight at 6 months
should be double the birth weight
51
weight at 1 year
triple the birth weight
52
height for an infant
should increase by 1 inch per month for 6 month
53
what is also important in the growth and development phase?
proper nutrition
54
when does vision begin?
by 6 weeks of age
55
when does depth perception begin?
7-9 months
56
when does the parachute reflex appear?
7 months
57
when should an infant start turning their head towards noise?
by 2-3 months
58
when do infants start to grasp objects?
2-3 months
59
when does the pincer grasp begin?
10 months
60
when does head control begin?
3-4 months
61
when do infants begin to roll over?
5-6 months
62
when are infants able to sit alone?
7 months
63
when do infants move from prone to sitting positions?
10 months
64
when do we normally introduce baby food?
6 months
65
cephalocaudal direction of development
moves arms before moving legs (head to toe)
66
proximodistal-development
from core to extremities (arms, forearms, grasp) (crawl first, then walk)
67
when does crawling begin?
6-7 months
68
when does creeping begin?
9 months
69
when does walking with assist begin?
11 months
70
when does walking alone begin?
12 months
71
what is phase I of Erikson's theory?
trust vs. mistrust
72
when does stranger fear begin?
6 months - 8 months
73
what is the first verbal communication in an infant?
crying
74
when do infants imitate sounds?
by 6 months
75
how many words should an infant be saying by 1 year?
three to five words with meaning
76
what is the formula for teething?
during the first 2 years of life: age of child in months - 6 = number of teeth
ex. 8 months: 8 - 6 = 2 teeth
77
how long should breast milk be given for?
breast milk is best for first 6 months of life. non need for water, it dilutes it and lowers sodium and takes out calories
78
when should a bottle be taken away?
by 1 year of age, breastfeeding is up to the parent's discretion
79
when are infants able to have cow's milk?
not until 1 year
80
what are breastfed babies low in?
vitamin D and iron
81
explain kwashiorkor
deficient protein and adequate calorie intake, edema and muscle wasting, large abdomen due to ascites
82
explain marasmus
general malnutrition of both calories and protein, often seen with drought conditions in underdeveloped countries, no edema but loose wrinkled skin, small head size
83
what way is best to feed a baby?
cradling in arms, sitting up, not laying down
84
if you have a candidiasis diaper rash, what should you use to treat it?
antifungal needed - nystatin cream
85
what kind of infants are more at risk for SIDS?
those with one or more severe ALTES requiring CPR, preterm infants experiencing apnea, sibling of two or more SIDS victims, history of central hypoventilation
86
what are risk factors for SIDS?
low birth weight, low apgar scores, recent viral illness, sibling of two of more SIDS victims, male sex, infants of native american or african-american ethnicity
87
apnea of infancy
unexplained respiratory pause lasting 20 seconds or more or less than 20 seconds accompanied by pallor, cyanosis, bradycardia, or hypotension
88
ALTE
Apparent Life-Threatening Event
89
BRUE
Brief Resolved Unexplained Event
90
what can reduce the risk of SIDS?
avoid smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding, supine sleeping position, avoid soft, moldable mattresses, blankets, and pillows, avoid bed sharing, sleep swaddler, avoid overheating during sleep, vary infant head position to prevent plagiocephaly
91
what age does the anterior fontanel close?
12-18 months
92
which finding would you expect when looking at an preschooler's chest?
symmetric, bilateral chest wall movement
93
what type of hearing loss is characterized by interference with loudness of sound?
conductive
94
what classification is appropriate for a 6 year old who has difficulty hearing faint or distant speech, has normal speech, but is having problems with school performance?
slight
95
what term is appropriate in describing reduced visual acuity in one eye despite appropriate optical correction?
amblyopia
96
what finding is appropriate when identifying cognitive impairment in children?
delayed developmental milestones
97
what is a sign of visual impairment in an infant?
no reaction to light
98
what clinical manifestations are found in down syndrome?
short stature, protruding tongue, hypotonia
99
what are benefits of an ambulatory care setting?
increased cost savings, reduced chance of infection, no separation anxiety, minimized stressors compared to hospitals
100
what are different stages of separation anxiety?
protest, despair, detachment
