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NSG 332 Pediatrics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the #1 cause of death in children over 1 years of age?

A

injuries and accidents

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2
Q

neonate ages

A

0 - 28 days

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3
Q

infant ages

A

1 month - year

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4
Q

toddler ages

A

1 year - 3 years

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5
Q

preschooler ages

A

3 years - 5 years

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6
Q

school age ages

A

6 years - 12 years

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7
Q

adolescence ages

A

13 years - 18 years

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8
Q

what is the #1 health problem of childhood?

A

dental care

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9
Q

define mortality

A

something that can kill you

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10
Q

define morbidity

A

means disease

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11
Q

difference between enabling and empowerment

A
  • enabling is current abilities and competencies
  • empowerment is interaction that allows the family to maintain or acquire a sense of control
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12
Q

best way to learn about someone’s culture

A

ASK THEM

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13
Q

what are congenital anomalies?

A

means that they happen at birth. can be deformations, disruptions, dysplasias, malformations, syndromes, association, or sequences

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14
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

it is a genetic defect or two or more anomalies

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15
Q

normal chromosome number

A

23 pairs (46 total)

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16
Q

What is more severe: a deletion of a chromosome or an extra chromosome?

A

a deletion is more devastating

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17
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

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18
Q

trisomy 18

A

edwards syndrome

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19
Q

trisomy 13

A

patau syndrome

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20
Q

what population does klinefelter syndrome affect?

A

males

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21
Q

what population does turner syndrome affect?

A

females

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22
Q

explain autosomal dominant inheritance

A
  • there is 50 - 50 chance
  • 50 affected
  • 50 normal
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23
Q

explain autosomal recessive inheritance

A
  • 25% affected
  • 50% carriers
  • 25% normal
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24
Q

who are the carriers in an x-linked recessive inheritance?

A

females

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25
Q

the most common delay in children

A

language delay

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26
Q

what would you be sure to check if you suspect a language delay in a child?

A

their hearing

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27
Q

when you think of primary prevention what should you say?

A

it goes into place BEFORE something happens

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28
Q

when you think of secondary prevention what should you say?

A

it always has to do with SCREENING

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29
Q

if you have a 16 year old that acts like a 5 year old how should you treat them?

A

like a 5 year old

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30
Q

when you think of tertiary prevention what should you say?

A

tertiary has to do with TREATMENT

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31
Q

how should timeouts be carried out?

A

1 minute timeout for each year of age up to the age of 5

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32
Q

how should you reword a question so it is positively toward a child in a hospital?

A

don’t ask “what CAN’T you do” but rather, “what CAN you do”

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33
Q

the three aspects you can see in a child with autism

A
  • impaired social interaction
  • impaired communication
  • repeated and stereotyped patterns of behavior ~ “hand flap”
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34
Q

should you be honest with a child if a procedure might hurt?

A

yes, and say it will hurt just for a little bit

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35
Q

what is considered obese on a growth chart?

A

above the 90th percentile

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36
Q

what is considered failure to thrive on a growth chart?

A

under the 5th percentile

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37
Q

what is the order of vital sign measurement in an infant and toddler?

A
  1. respirations (before disturbing the child)
  2. apical HR
  3. BP
  4. temperature
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38
Q

if the fontanel is bulging, what should you do?

A

call 911 this is a medical emergency

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39
Q

what does the fontanel tell you?

A

hydration, intracranial pressure

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40
Q

how long should you count apical pulse rate on an infant/toddler?

A

a whole minute

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41
Q

if a mom is 16 years old and the grandma is 32 years old, who is the guardian of the child?

A

the mom. if they are over 14-15 years they can be legal guardian

42
Q

should you let a child handle the tools to help calm them?

A

yes, as long as they are at least 3 years of age so that they will not swallow anything

43
Q

what is considered a fever in a child?

A

38C or 100.4F

44
Q

talk about precautions with CDIFF

A

it is a contact precaution. you cannot use hand sanitizer and must wash your hands with soap and water after encountering a pt. with it. you should also use bleach wipes

45
Q

talk about some airborne precautions

A

varicella, measles, TB

46
Q

do you need orders for restraining a child?

A

no, as long as it is of their best interest if they are trying to pull IVs out or messing with other equipment

47
Q

what should you use to secure an IV line?

A

use curlex! do not you coband! it cuts off circulation

48
Q

when would rectal administration be good to use?

A

children that are actively vomiting (losing too much fluid) or you can’t get an IV in

49
Q

what way should we position the pt. when giving a rectal medication?

A

on their left side

50
Q

weight at 6 months

A

should be double the birth weight

51
Q

weight at 1 year

A

triple the birth weight

52
Q

height for an infant

A

should increase by 1 inch per month for 6 month

53
Q

what is also important in the growth and development phase?

A

proper nutrition

54
Q

when does vision begin?

A

by 6 weeks of age

55
Q

when does depth perception begin?

A

7-9 months

56
Q

when does the parachute reflex appear?

A

7 months

57
Q

when should an infant start turning their head towards noise?

A

by 2-3 months

58
Q

when do infants start to grasp objects?

A

2-3 months

59
Q

when does the pincer grasp begin?

A

10 months

60
Q

when does head control begin?

A

3-4 months

61
Q

when do infants begin to roll over?

A

5-6 months

62
Q

when are infants able to sit alone?

A

7 months

63
Q

when do infants move from prone to sitting positions?

A

10 months

64
Q

when do we normally introduce baby food?

A

6 months

65
Q

cephalocaudal direction of development

A

moves arms before moving legs (head to toe)

66
Q

proximodistal-development

A

from core to extremities (arms, forearms, grasp) (crawl first, then walk)

67
Q

when does crawling begin?

A

6-7 months

68
Q

when does creeping begin?

A

9 months

69
Q

when does walking with assist begin?

A

11 months

70
Q

when does walking alone begin?

A

12 months

71
Q

what is phase I of Erikson’s theory?

A

trust vs. mistrust

72
Q

when does stranger fear begin?

A

6 months - 8 months

73
Q

what is the first verbal communication in an infant?

A

crying

74
Q

when do infants imitate sounds?

A

by 6 months

75
Q

how many words should an infant be saying by 1 year?

A

three to five words with meaning

76
Q

what is the formula for teething?

A

during the first 2 years of life: age of child in months - 6 = number of teeth
ex. 8 months: 8 - 6 = 2 teeth

77
Q

how long should breast milk be given for?

A

breast milk is best for first 6 months of life. non need for water, it dilutes it and lowers sodium and takes out calories

78
Q

when should a bottle be taken away?

A

by 1 year of age, breastfeeding is up to the parent’s discretion

79
Q

when are infants able to have cow’s milk?

A

not until 1 year

80
Q

what are breastfed babies low in?

A

vitamin D and iron

81
Q

explain kwashiorkor

A

deficient protein and adequate calorie intake, edema and muscle wasting, large abdomen due to ascites

82
Q

explain marasmus

A

general malnutrition of both calories and protein, often seen with drought conditions in underdeveloped countries, no edema but loose wrinkled skin, small head size

83
Q

what way is best to feed a baby?

A

cradling in arms, sitting up, not laying down

84
Q

if you have a candidiasis diaper rash, what should you use to treat it?

A

antifungal needed - nystatin cream

85
Q

what kind of infants are more at risk for SIDS?

A

those with one or more severe ALTES requiring CPR, preterm infants experiencing apnea, sibling of two or more SIDS victims, history of central hypoventilation

86
Q

what are risk factors for SIDS?

A

low birth weight, low apgar scores, recent viral illness, sibling of two of more SIDS victims, male sex, infants of native american or african-american ethnicity

87
Q

apnea of infancy

A

unexplained respiratory pause lasting 20 seconds or more or less than 20 seconds accompanied by pallor, cyanosis, bradycardia, or hypotension

88
Q

ALTE

A

Apparent Life-Threatening Event

89
Q

BRUE

A

Brief Resolved Unexplained Event

90
Q

what can reduce the risk of SIDS?

A

avoid smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding, supine sleeping position, avoid soft, moldable mattresses, blankets, and pillows, avoid bed sharing, sleep swaddler, avoid overheating during sleep, vary infant head position to prevent plagiocephaly

91
Q

what age does the anterior fontanel close?

A

12-18 months

92
Q

which finding would you expect when looking at an preschooler’s chest?

A

symmetric, bilateral chest wall movement

93
Q

what type of hearing loss is characterized by interference with loudness of sound?

A

conductive

94
Q

what classification is appropriate for a 6 year old who has difficulty hearing faint or distant speech, has normal speech, but is having problems with school performance?

A

slight

95
Q

what term is appropriate in describing reduced visual acuity in one eye despite appropriate optical correction?

A

amblyopia

96
Q

what finding is appropriate when identifying cognitive impairment in children?

A

delayed developmental milestones

97
Q

what is a sign of visual impairment in an infant?

A

no reaction to light

98
Q

what clinical manifestations are found in down syndrome?

A

short stature, protruding tongue, hypotonia

99
Q

what are benefits of an ambulatory care setting?

A

increased cost savings, reduced chance of infection, no separation anxiety, minimized stressors compared to hospitals

100
Q

what are different stages of separation anxiety?

A

protest, despair, detachment

NSG 332 Pediatrics (4 decks)

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