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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

very small organisms that many are too small to see without a microscope

A

Microorgansims or Microbes

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2
Q

scientific study of microscopic organisms + viruses

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

a built microscope that magnifies 25x
called what he saw “cells”
looked at plants and cork

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4
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

first to view microbes
a built microscope that magnifies 200-300x
withheld information for his entire lifetime

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

invented pasteurization to kill off microorganisms
Declared that spontaneous generation is false
invented vaccines to treat diseases; rabies

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6
Q

Robert Koch

A

Discovered was bacteria causes what diseases. discovered anthrax, cholera, TB

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7
Q

microbes that live in and on your body (3 lbs)

A

Normal flora (aka microbiota, microbiome)

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8
Q

____ x more flora than human cells

A

10

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9
Q

Normal flora are usually not…

A

Pathogenic

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10
Q

What are the 6 major groups of microorganisms?

A

-viruses
-fungi
-bacteria
-protozoa
-helminths

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11
Q

used to add color to microbes for better observation

A

stains and dyes

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12
Q

an environment that provides nutrients like water, salts, glucose, nitrogen, and amino acids

A

A growth media

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13
Q

How many different species of normal flora is there?

A

500-1000

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14
Q

classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms.

A

Taxonomy

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15
Q

What percentage of oxygen do microbes produce?

A

50%

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16
Q

What doe plants need in soil to obtain nitrogen?

A

Microbes

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17
Q

Francesco Redi

A

conducted an experiment that falsifies spontaneous generation with meat and maggots

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18
Q

Life arising from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation

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19
Q

Describe Pasteurs SG experiment

A

Used swan-necked flask to boil broth and let sit for 18 mths > no microbes
After tilting the flask > microbes began to appear
Conclusion: life comes from life
Spontaneous Generation is false

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20
Q

the science of where + when disease occurs

A

Epidemiology

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21
Q

Ignaz Semmelwies

A

Came up with handwashing after recording data from lying in hospitals in Vienna.
2 sides of hospital had different death rates due to autopsies
Fevers/deaths reduce by 2/3

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22
Q

John Snow

A

Discovered the source of an outbreak of diarrhea in a certain hospital to be a water source in town using a map and pins

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23
Q

Prevention of infectious disease
Developed in the 14th century

A

Vaccination

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24
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Discovered that he can immunize people from smallpox by injecting them with the cowpox virus
Published pamphlet on how to vaccinate

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25
Q

Who created Antisepsis?

A

Joseph Lister (Amputative Surgeon)

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26
Q

What did Lister do?

A

1/2 pts die due to infection. Read Semmelweises paper and Pasteurs germ theory paper. Started Antisepsis process by using PHENOL

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27
Q

Robert Kochs Postulates

A

Same microbe has to be found in every case
1. isolate microbe in culture
2. onnoculte healthy host with pure culture, cause disease
3. re-isolate microbe and see if its identical to original

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28
Q

What did Kochs lab invent?

A

solid/ food media
stains for viewing microbes + photographing them
aseptic techniques

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29
Q

Created magic bullet that would kill microbes and not tissue
SALVARSON, compound 606
First to view syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich

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30
Q

Questions if microbes cause disease by examining yeast and bacteria in wine. Solution was to heat grape juice, then add yeast.
5 years and published paper stating that microbes cause disease

A

Germ Theory of Disease
Pasteur

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31
Q

Set standard for hygiene in nursing care, proved with statistics that it works

A

Florence Nightingale

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32
Q

3 reasons why slides are heat fixed?

A

> Dries the slide
Kills bacteria
Attaches bacteria to slide (or use FORMALIN)

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33
Q

What is the overall charge of bacteria?

A

-

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34
Q

What is the charge of dyes to stain bacteria?

A

+

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35
Q

What can you determine abt becateria using a SIMPLE STAIN?

A

1 (+) stain
size, shape, arrangement

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36
Q

What can you determine abt becateria using a DIFFERENTIAL STAIN?

A

2 (+) stains, size, shape, arrangement, cell envelope, produce endospores or have a waxy cell wall

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37
Q

Steps to GRAM STAIN

A
  1. Add CRYSTAL VIOLET rinse with DIH2O, bacteria is purple
  2. Add IODINE (1 min), rinse, makes CV 1 molecule
  3. Add DECOLORIZER (acetone-alcohol) (2-5 sec), rinse
    >Gram + CV is trapped in thick cell wall,
    >Gram - are colorless bc cell wall is too thin
  4. Puddle + SAFRONIN, rinse
    >Gram + stays purple
    >Gram - turns pink
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38
Q

Stains used in GRAM STAIN

A

Crystal Violet and Safronin

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39
Q

Who created the gram stain and what did he study in Berlin?

A

Hans Christian Gram
What was causing Pnemonia

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40
Q

What do you use ACID FAST stain for?

A

Mycobacterium (TB, leprosy)
Nocardia (skin+lung infections)
To see if cell was contains MYCOLIC ACID

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41
Q

Steps in ACID FAST stain:

A
  1. Begin on slide warm. Add paper, puddle (+) CARBOL FUSCHIN (2 min)
    >Turns pink
    2.Take off the paper and rinse with DIH2O
  2. Decolorize with acid-alcohol (2-5 sec)
    >ACID FAST bacteria have MYCOLIC ACID–stays PINK
    4.Puddle (+) METHYLENE BLUE on smear (1 min)
    >NON-acid fast stain turns the rest BLUE
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42
Q

Three differential stains

A

Gram stain
Acid fast
Endospore stain

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43
Q

What is ENDOSPORE STAIN used for?

A

Bacillus + Clostridium and produces spores

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44
Q

handy, dormant, resistant structure

A

Endospores

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45
Q

ENDOSPORE STAIN procedure:

A
  1. Begin on slide warmer with paper and MALACHITE GREEN (5min)
  2. Move slide from heat (5 min)
  3. Remove paper, rinse with DIH2O
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46
Q

100,000 x total magnification
Scans electrons SURFACES

A

SEM: scanning electron microscope

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47
Q

20,000,000 x total magnification
slices to views organelles, views viruses

A

TEM+ transmission electron microscope

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48
Q

What are the 2 major morphologies of bacteria?

A

Cocci and Bacillia

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49
Q

2+ round bacteria produce separately in this

A

Single Cocci Arrangment

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50
Q

2 round bacteria remain attached

A

Diplococci Arrangment

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51
Q

Long chains of round bacteria remain attached in 1 plane

A

Streptococci

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52
Q

BF is 2 planes, 4 round bacteria remain attached

A

Tetrads Cocci Arrangment

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53
Q

BF is 3 planes, 8 round bacteria remain attached

A

Sarcinae Cocci Arrangment

54
Q

BF in random planes, clusters of bacteria remain attached

A

Staphylococci Arrangment

55
Q

BF in 1 plane, 2 rod bacteria produce separate

A

Single Bacilli Arrangment

56
Q

BF in 1 plane, long chains of bacteria remain attached

A

Streptobacilli Arrangment

57
Q

BF 1 plane, 2 bacteria remain attached in a V shape

A

Palisade/V-shape Bacilli Arrangment

58
Q

Science of classifying living organims

A

Taxonomy

59
Q

Process of putting things into groups based on similarities

A

Classification

60
Q

How to write binomial nomenclature:

A

Genus species (must be italicized)

61
Q

R. Whittaker’s Taxonomic scheme is based on:

A

Linnean Taxonomy

62
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy:

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Family
Species

63
Q

R. Whittakers taxonomic scheme:

A

5 KINGDOMS:

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protozoa
Prokaryotae (Monera)

64
Q

What is C. Woese taxonomic scheme?

A

3 Domains: based on sequencing of Ribosomal DNA
-Archae
-Bacteria
-Eukaryota

65
Q

What kindgdom and domain are prokaryotes?

A

K: Monera D: Archae and Bacteria

66
Q

Hairlike structure that functions in motility
Arrangement:
Polar: 1 flagellum
Peritichous: all-over bacteria
Run + Tumble movement

A

Flagella

67
Q

Sticky proteinaceous extensions on bacteria
Shorter than flagella, many the bacterium
Functions: attaches to surfaces, formation in biofilm (plaque)

A

Fimbria

68
Q

Long protein extensions
Longer than Fimbria, shorter than flagella
1-10 on bacterium
Functions: sex, sends DNA through it
used as grappling hooks

A

Pili

69
Q

May include: outer membrane, cell wall, cell membrane

A

Cell envelope

70
Q

Functions in structure and shape
Made up of PEPTIDOGLYCANS (300 layers) + NAM + NAG sugars + AA
Also anchors wall to underlying cell member. by TEICHOIC ACID

A

Cell wall

71
Q

4 Cell basics:

A
  1. Have DNA
  2. Cytoplasm/sol
  3. Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  4. Cell membrane
72
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

73
Q

Proteinatious sticky substance made of polypeptides and polysaccharides

Has:
“capsule” and
“slime layer”

A

Glycocalyx

74
Q

What does the glycocalyx protect the bacteria from?

A

Drying, chemicals, environmentals stressors, loss of nutrients

Also decreases phagocytosis

75
Q

What else does glycocalyx have to offer?

A

Can be eaten when there isn’t enough nutrients

Clings and attaches itself to surfaces

76
Q

Hair-like structure
Functions: motility

A

Flagella (plural)
Flagellum (singular)

77
Q

Arrangments of flagella

A

Polar: 1
Peritrichous: all over bacteria

78
Q

Run + tumble

A

Run: counterclockwise
Tumble: clockwise

79
Q

Sticky bristle-like proteinaceous extensions from bacteria
Shorter than flagella and have many

A

Fimbria

80
Q

What is the function of fimbria?

A

Attaches itself to surfaces and forms BIOFILM

81
Q

Long protein extensions that aid in attachment to surfaces like grappling

Sex between bacteria (DNA through Pilus)

A

Pili (plural)
Pilus (singular)

82
Q

What is the function of cell walls?

A

structure
shape
protects frmo osmotic forces

83
Q

What is the cell wall made of gram + bacteria and what does it look like?

A

Peptidoglycan (protein/amino acid + sugar)
(300 layer)

Alternating molecules of NAG and NAM that are weaved into 4 amino acids

84
Q

What anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane in Gram POSITIVE bacteria?

Also adds to ion permeability

A

Teichoic acids

85
Q

What is the cell envelope of Gram NEGATIVE bacteria made of?

A

Outer membrane (protects cell wall)
Cell wall
Cell membrane

86
Q

What is the outer membrane (g negative) made of ?

A

Lipopolyshaccharides (LPS)
Phospholipids
Proteins

87
Q

Whats the difference of gram NEGATIVES cell wall?

A

Its only 2-3 layers

88
Q

storage for excess nurtients for when needed

A

Inclusions

89
Q

Hardy, dormant, resistant.
Surrounded by peptidoglycan
Forms when bacteria are under stress and won’t survive (antibio., no nutrients)
Only 2 genera of bracteria produce them.

A

Endospores

90
Q

Bacteria that turns into endospores

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

91
Q

What is it called when bacteria form endospores?
Then go back?

A

Sporulation (6-8 hrs)
Germination (1.5 hrs)

92
Q

How are endospores made?

A

Copy DNA surrounded by a double membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan

93
Q

Different energy sources:

A

Light: photo
Organic: hetero
Inorganic: litho
CO2: autotroph

94
Q

Photoautotroph

A

ES: light
CS: CO2`

95
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

ES: light
CS: organic compounds

96
Q

Lithoautotroph

A

ES: Inorganic molecules
CS: CO2

97
Q

Heterotroph

A

ES: organic compounds
CS: organic compounds

98
Q

What are the chemical requirement for microbrial growth?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

99
Q

50% of dry weight of microbes, needed to build lipids, proteins, nucleic acis

A

Carbon

100
Q

12-15% of dry weight of microbes, main source is from earths atmosphere (79% atm.)
Builds proteins, ATP, nucleic acids

A

Nitrogen

101
Q

usually get from water

A

Hydrogen

102
Q

Air is 20%, 0.3% CO2
Need it to build carbohydrates, lipids, fats, nucleic acids

A

Oxygen

103
Q

Required to have oxygen
Use aerobic energy production for ATP (38 ATP, ETC: O)
If no oxygen, fermentation but not long term

A

Obligate aerobe

104
Q

No oxygen required, (O kills them)
Anaerobic energy production> 38 ATP (ETC: NO-3 + SO-4)

A

Obligate anaerobe

105
Q

Prefers oxygen at 1-10% (atm. 20%)
Aerobic energy production, fermentation

A

Microaerophile

106
Q

Uses anaerobic energy production, ferments.
Ignores oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

107
Q

Aerobic + anaerobic production + ferments
Can survive anywhere, produces ATP everywhere

A

Facultative Anaerobe

108
Q

Requires and loves higher CO2 (3-10% CO2)

A

Capriophile

109
Q

Cold loving
Below 15 degress celcius
(Not human pathogens, food spoilage)

A

Psychrophile

110
Q

Thrive in moderate temp.
20-40 degress celsius
(Human pathogens, human body temp is 37 C)

A

Mesophile

111
Q

Heat loving microbe at about 45-80 degress celsius
(compost pile)

A

Thermophile

112
Q

Extreme heat loving microbe at over 80 degrees celsius
(live in geysers)

A

Hyperthermophile

113
Q

Iron, copper, and zinc act as _________

A

cofactors for enzymes

114
Q

Phosphorus is used for ____________

A

membranes = phospholipid bilayer

115
Q

What is sulfur used for?

A

Productions of proteins

116
Q

grows best in PH 6.5-7.5

A

Neutrophile

117
Q

Grows in acidic conditions less than 6.5 PH

A

Acidophile

118
Q

Grows in alkaline conditions PH greater than7.5-11.5

A

Alkalinophiles

119
Q

Synthetic media, exact comp. is known, expensive and not common

A

Defined media

120
Q

Composition varies from batch to batch, Contains extracts (meat, yeast, protein) we use Trypticase Soy Media > soy extract

A

Complex media

121
Q

Encourages growth of wanted microbes while inhibiting the growth of unwanted microbes. Generally mannital salt agar > high salt concentration
***Staphylococcus on skin

A

Selective media

122
Q

Makes it easier to distinguish different types of bacteria > blood agar > what does bacteria do to cells? (Burst, bruise, ignore)
Some media is selective and ________

A

Differential media

123
Q

Short term microbe preservation

A

Refrigerate

124
Q

Long term microbe preservation

A

Deep freeze, 50-90 C for years

125
Q

Super long term microbe preservation

A

LYOPHILIZATION: turn into a powder

126
Q

time required for bacteria to divide by binary fission

A

Generation time

127
Q

Stages of bacteria growth

A

LAG
LOG (most susceptible to damage)
STATIONARY
DEATH

128
Q

Iron, copper, zinc can act as

A

Cofactors for enzymes

129
Q

Organic molecules can act as

A

Coenzymes

130
Q

Why do we not rinse capsule stains under water?

A

Bacterial capsules are soluble in water

Microbiology (8 decks)

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