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A&P 1 ( Professor Ward '22) > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

towards the head or upper part of the body

A

Superior (cranial)

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2
Q

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure

A

Inferior (caudal)

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3
Q

towards the front

A

Ventral

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4
Q

towards the back

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

towards the middle

A

Medial

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6
Q

towards the side

A

Lateral

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7
Q

on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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8
Q

opposite sides of the body

A

Contralateral

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9
Q

close to the center

A

Proximal

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10
Q

away from the center

A

Distal

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11
Q

away from the internal portion of the body

A

Superficial (external)

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12
Q

towards the internal portion of the body (organs deep to the skin)

A

Deep

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13
Q

the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into left/right parts

A

sagittal plane

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14
Q

the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into equal left/right parts

A

median or midsagittal plane

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15
Q

the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into unequal left/right parts

A

parasagittal plane

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16
Q

the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into anterior/posterior portions

A

frontal (coronal) plane

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17
Q

the plane that divides the body into superior/inferior portions

A

transverse (horizontal) plane

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18
Q

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

A 
Right/Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right/Left Lumbar
Umbilical
Right/Left Iliac
Hypochondriac
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19
Q

What are the quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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20
Q

What does KIN mean?

A

Potassium high in cell

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21
Q

What are the body cavities?

A

Ventral
Dorsal
Pelvic

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22
Q

The ventral cavity includes

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • pleural and pericardial (lungs & heart)
  • abdominopelvic cavity
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23
Q

The dorsal cavity includes

A
  • cranial cavity

* Vertebral cavity

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24
Q

The pelvic cavity includes

A

*bladder

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25
Q

the space between the visceral and parietal membranes that have serous fluid

A

pericardial space

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26
Q

A membrane lines the cavity walls or can line the outside wall of an organ

A

visceral membrane

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27
Q

A membrane that covers the organs in the cavity

A

parietal membrane

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28
Q

A type of compound that always contain hydrogen and carbon

A

organic compound

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29
Q

A type of compound that does not always contain hydrogen and carbon

A

inorganic compounds

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30
Q

A change in electron

A

ion

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31
Q

a change in neutron

A

isotope

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32
Q

Has phospholipids

A

cell membrane

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33
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

speed up the process or reaction (more energy)

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34
Q

What do proteins function as?

A 
carriers
channels
receptors
enzymes
anchoring
identifiers
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35
Q

What do carbohydrates function as?

A

lubricants
receptors
….

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36
Q

What are substances that diffuse?

A

O2
CO2
H20

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37
Q

the staudy of body part structures

A

Anatomy

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38
Q

the study of the function of the body

A

Physiology

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39
Q

What are the levels of the structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organismal
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40
Q

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment

A

Homeostasis

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41
Q

Components of a control mechanism

A

receptor
control center
effector

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42
Q

monitors environment and response to stimuli (change in controlled variables)

A

receptor

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43
Q

receives input from the receptor and determines the appropriate response

A

control center

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44
Q

receives output from the control center responding by reducing stimulus (negative feedback) or enhancing stimulus (positive feedback)

A

effector

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45
Q

the smallest functional unit (3 subatomic particles *protons, neutrons, electrons)

A

atom

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46
Q

cannot be broken down without losing their chemical properties

A

element

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47
Q

What are the 6 elements that make up most living things?

A 
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
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48
Q

two or more atoms bond together to form (organic or inorganic)

A

molecule

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49
Q

protons + neutrons

A

mass number

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50
Q

different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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51
Q

Electron shells

A

1st shell- 2 electrons
2nd shell- up to 8 electrons
3rd shell and up-up to 7

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52
Q

An electron shell is stable with how many electrons

A

8

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53
Q

molecules with 2 or more different elements

A

compounds

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54
Q

What are the types of atomic bonds

A
  • Covalent
  • polar
  • nonpolar
  • Ionic
  • Hydrogen
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55
Q

when two atoms share electrons it forms what kind of bond?

A

covalent bond

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56
Q

when two atoms share electrons equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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57
Q

when two atoms that form a covalent bond are different, share electrons unequally, one atom may have a stronger pull

A

polar covalent bond

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58
Q

when two atoms that form a covalent bond are different, and share electrons unequally, one atom may have a stronger pull

A

polar covalent bond

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59
Q

when the draw on one atom is stronger than the other, electrons may be transferred from one atom to another, and atoms lose or gain electrons having a plus or minus charge

A

ionic bonds

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60
Q

an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge

A

cation

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61
Q

an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge

A

anion

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62
Q

a weak bond that forms between H+ and a molecule with a negative charge (found in water, proteins, and nucleic acids)

A

Hydrogen bonds

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63
Q

a term used to describe the concentration of H+ in solution

A

pH

64
Q

A substance with a large amount of H+

A

acid

65
Q

A substance with a small amount of H+

A

base

66
Q

compounds that release H+

A

acid

67
Q

compounds that release OH- (OH- absorbs excess H+ to form H2O)

A

base

68
Q

HCI yields

A

H+ + Cl-

69
Q

NaOH yields

A

Na+ + OH-

70
Q

Organic molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
71
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

sugars
starches
cellulose
glycogen

72
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

73
Q

disaccharides

A

two simple sugars bonded together

74
Q

Three important monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

75
Q

Disaccharides

A 
glucose+glucose= maltose
glucose+fructose= sucrose
glucose+galactose= lactose
76
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

77
Q

Lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids

78
Q

Proteins functions

A

structure parts of cells
hormones
antibodies
enzymes

79
Q

two amino acids linked together

A

dipeptides

80
Q

tertiary structure

A

coiling and bending of coiled chain

81
Q

Nucleic acids functions

A
  • storage of info (DNA, RNA, etc)
  • storage of energy
  • coenzymes
82
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

regulates movements of substances into and out of the cell

83
Q

Structure of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid backbone
proteins
glycolipids, glycoproteins
cholesterol

84
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • two layers
  • hydrophobic ends point inward
  • hydrophilic ends point outward
85
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

transport
enzymatic activity
receptors for signal transduction
….

86
Q

Transport process

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated transport
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
87
Q

the net movement of particles from a region of high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

88
Q

the movement of water from a region of high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

89
Q

solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

A

Isotonic

90
Q

solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

A

Hypertonic

91
Q

solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol

A

Hypotonic

92
Q

solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

A

Hypertonic (shrink)

93
Q

solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol

A

Hypotonic (explode/burst)

94
Q

solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol (red blood cell)

A

Hypertonic (shrink)

95
Q

solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol (red blood cell)

A

Hypotonic (explode/burst)

96
Q

substances move from a region of high to low concentration

  • requires a carrier
  • does not require ATP
  • moves substances in or out of cells
A

facilitated diffusion

97
Q

substances move from a low to high up the concentration gradient

  • one direction
  • requires atp (K+, Na+, Ca++)
A

active transport

98
Q

causes the protein to change its shape

A

phosphorylation

99
Q

move two substances in the same direction

A

symporters

100
Q

move two substances in opposite directions

A

antiporters

101
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

genetic mutation, no protein in the cell membrane to pump Cl- out of cells

102
Q

Transport in vesicles

A
  • Endocytosis
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
103
Q

transport in cells involves protein-coated vesicles (in/out cell)

A

Endocytosis

104
Q

cell membrane sends out arms of cytoplasm to surround a solid object (contents digested)

A

Phagocytosis

105
Q

cells take in liquid with dissolved molecules (absorbs nutrients)

A

Pinocytosis

106
Q

particles in an extracellular fluid bind to receptors on the membrane

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

107
Q

vesicle with wastes, hormones, and enzymes moves to the cell membrane, vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, and substances are released from the cell

A

Exocytosis

108
Q
  • energy stored in NA+ or H+ concentration gradient
  • drive other substances across the membrane
  • two substances are moved at the same time
A

Secondary active transport

109
Q

group of cells linked together to perform special functions

A

tissues

110
Q

What are the 4 major membrane types?

A

cutaneous
mucosal
serous
synovial

111
Q

where is the cutaneous membrane located?

A

skin

112
Q

where is the mucosal membrane located?

A

mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea, lungs, stomach, intestines, the ureters, the urethra, and the urinary bladder

113
Q

where is the serous membrane located?

A

lining the internal body cavities and organs (heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity)

114
Q

where is the synovial membrane located?

A

lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae

115
Q

What are the 4 major tissue types?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • neural
116
Q

Epithelial features:

A 
cells close together
apical surface
basement membrane
avascular
regeneration
117
Q

Epithelial functions:

A

Protection (internal & external)
Absorption
Secretions
Sensations

118
Q

Epithelial types:

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

119
Q

Types of glands:

A

Endocrine- ductless, secretes into the blood

Exocrine- ducts, secretes onto a surface

120
Q

Types of exocrine glands:

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

121
Q

Merocrine glands

A
  • release secretions from cell

* salivary glands, pancreas, and most other glands

122
Q

Apocrine glands

A
  • portion of cell pinches off

* mammary gland was considered apocrine

123
Q

Holocrine glands

A
  • release dead cells

* sebaceous glands

124
Q

Types of exocrine glands:

A
  • Unicellular

* Multicellular

125
Q

Connective tissue features:

A
  • specialized cells
  • matrix (elastic, collagen, reticular)
  • ground substance (water, proteins)
126
Q

Connective tissue functions:

A
  • framework for the body
  • transport
  • protection
  • support
  • energy storage
  • defense
127
Q

Connective tissue types:

A

Connective tissue proper

  • Loose connective
  • Dense connective
128
Q

Loose connective tissues:

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
129
Q

Dense connective tissues:

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
130
Q

Connective tissue fibers:

A
  • collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
131
Q

Connective cells

A
  • Fibroblast (produce fibers
  • Macrophages (white cells)
  • White blood cells (immune function)
  • Adipocytes (adipose tissue)
  • Melanocytes (pigment)
  • Mast cells (histamine, dilates blood vessels)
132
Q
  • abnormal glycoprotein fibrillin in connective tissue matrix (forms elastic fibers)
  • effects all connective tissues
  • excess cartilage in the bones leads to long limbs
  • weakened connective tissue leads to weakened blood vessels
A

Marfan’s Syndrome

133
Q

sheets of tissues that cover or line body surfaces

A

membranes

134
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

135
Q

superficial region of skin that consists of epithelial tissue

A

epidermis

136
Q

a layer of skin that underlies the dermis and is mostly fibrous connective tissue

A

dermis

137
Q

the subcutaneous layer of skin that is deep and is mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates

A

hypodermis

138
Q

Five layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
139
Q

Four cell types in the epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic (langerhans) cells
  • tactile (merkel) cells
140
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary

- reticular

141
Q
  • areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
  • loose tissue (phagocytes patrol for microorganisms)
A

Papillary layer

142
Q
  • 80% of dermal thickness
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
  • collagen fibers
A

Reticular layer

143
Q

Functions of the integumentary system:

A
  • Protection
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Cutaneous sensation
  • Metabolic functions
  • Blood reservoir
  • Excretion
144
Q

Skeleton Functions:

A
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Mineral Storage
  • Support
145
Q

Bone cells:

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts (bone formation)
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

146
Q

bone cells that form from white blood stem cells

A

osteoblasts

147
Q

What are the types of bone?

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

148
Q

The Osteon:

A
  • laid down in rings of lamellae
  • around Haversion’s (central )canals
  • linked to blood vessels by perforating canals
149
Q

The Osteocyte:

A
  • in spaces calles lacunae

- connected by canaliculi

150
Q

What do osteoblasts become when they lose their ability to form bone?

A

osteocytes

151
Q

the natural process of bone formation (the hardening into a bony substance)

A

Ossification

152
Q

Osteoblasts form a ring of bone around this

A

Diaphysis

153
Q

secondary ossification forms here and bones replace cartilage

A

Epiphysis

154
Q

a plate that allows growth to continue

A

Epiphyseal plate

155
Q

it is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are

dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix

A

Cartilage

156
Q

What are the 3 main types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage

A&P 1 ( Professor Ward '22) (3 decks)

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