Exam 1 Flashcards
systematic inquiry using methods to answer questions + solve problems (specific to nurses + patient care)
nursing research
research in the practice setting
clinical nursing research
what is magnet status?
hospitals showing ability to utilize EBP
using research to inform practice
EBP
combining results from several studies from particular topic
systematic review
re: sources of evidence for nursing practice, what is the most recommended practice/type of research
disciplined research (searching literature to improve problem)
re: sources of evidence for nursing practice, what are the 3 methods that require CAUTION?
- tradition + authority
- trial + error
- clinical experience
=these don’t always follow most recent evidence
re: sources of evidence for nursing practice, methods that are important but not the best (doesn’t guide practice, but tells you what’s important to look at)
assembled info (ex: falls, UTI, pressure injuries)
re: paradigms, which one is associated more with quantitative data (objective + distanced from researcher)?
positivist paradigm
re: paradigms, which one is more associated with qualitative research (says subjectivity is important and puts researcher in contact with participants)?
constructivist paradigm
which type of research uses a systematic process?
quantitative
which type of research uses an inductive process? (back and forth between steps, revisiting as many times as needed)
qualitative
which type of research uses empirical evidence?
quantitative
which type of research minimizes bias to increase validity?
quantitative
which type of research is generalizable?
quantitative
which type of research uses human experience + subjective evidence?
qualitative
which type of research uses info gathered by senses?
qualitative
which type of research is associated with bias more?
qualitative (human being is instrument to provide data)
re: question types, which one describes a phenomenon
descriptive study
re: question types, which one identifies a phenomenon that hasn’t been researched before (qualitative)
identification study
re: question types, which one takes a concept + explores factors that impact it?
exploratory study
re: question types, which one is exclusively quantitative + predicts outcome based on research evidence, but doesn’t explain why
prediction + control
Which of the following is an example of a role a nurse has in research?
A) Administering metoprolol to a patient with an elevated heart rate
B) Documenting in a new assessment form being piloted on the unit – helps to collect information about form
C) Providing discharge education to a patient with new-onset diabetes
D) Using a second nurse to verify a dose of insulin before administration
B
Which statement is true regarding Systematic Review studies?
A) The researchers gather the data directly through experimentation
B) Compiles data from multiple studies around one topic
C) Studies focused on solving local problems
D) Primarily involves qualitative research
B
A nursing student does not wear gloves when giving intravenous medications because it was learned through watching a preceptor perform the procedure this way. Which source of knowledge explains this behavior?
A) Disciplined Research
B) Clinical experience
C) Trial and Error
D) Authority
D
Which of the following is a factor of the positivist paradigm? A) deductive process B) emphasis on the whole C) focus on the subjective D) seeks in-depth understanding
A
The researcher performs a study to determine the effect of haloperidol in managing delirium. Which research purpose does this study reflect? A) Prognosis B) Diagnosis C) Therapy D) Meaning
C
the _______ ________ is founded on the idea that research summaries need to be available for quick access. (Systematic reviews are the best representation of this idea)
The Cochrane Collaboration
what are the 3 barriers to implementing EBP
- Quality and nature of the research: difficult to repeat and provide evidence
- Characteristics of Nurses: “set in their ways” or unable to review journals
- Organizational Factors: implementation, funds, etc
re: evidence hierarchy, what is the highest level of evidence?
systematic reviews
what is the type of review that analyzes data from multiple studies? (Quantitative)
meta-analysis
match meta-analysis + meta-synthesis with quantitative or qualitative?
meta-analysis: quantitative
meta-synthesis: qualitative
____ ______ _____ are a set of recommendations for practice developed by a panel of experts
clinical practice guidelines
what’s an example of a clinical practice guideline?
care bundles (several interventions to prevent a potential problem)
name the elements of PICO
patient/population
intervention
comparison/current practice
outcome
an assessment conducted of a patient care problem for the purpose of improving it (w/o going through formal steps of a research study)
quality improvement
Which of the following are important to incorporate evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply) A) clinical expertise B) patient preferences C) local circumstances D) authority
A, B, C
Which evidence type is emphasized by the Cochrane Collaboration? A) systematic reviews B) randomized controlled trials C) quality improvement studies D) pilot studies
A
What study type interprets and integrates the results of multiple qualitative studies? A) quality improvement project B) phenomenological study C) metasynthesis D) meta-analysis
C (SUBJECTIVE data = Synthesis; S=S)
Which of the following is a part of the PICO process? A) Prevention B) Interpretation C) Collaboration D) Outcome
D
Which of the following is a component of appraising evidence? A) Sample size B) Magnitude of effects C) Strengths and limitations D) Ethical considerations
B
what are the 6 components of evidence appraisal?
- Evidence Quality
- Magnitude of Effects
- Precision of Estimates
- Peripheral Effects
- Financial Costs
- Clinical Relevance
“EMPPFC”
these kinds of studies involve cause-and-effect relationships and use deductive reasoning
quantitative studies
in these studies, the data is narrative and it uses inductive reasoning
qualitative studies
re: PICO, the dependent variable is the _____
outcome
re: PICO, the independent variable is the _____
intervention
independent variable = thing that changes
in these kinds of studies, you’ll often see numerical wording like “more than, less than”
quantitative
in these kinds of studies, you’ll see common themes and patterns of association
qualitative
quantitative studies can be separated into these 2 categories
experimental + non-experimental
these kinds of quantitative studies introduce an intervention or change (ex: clinical trials)
experimental
these kinds of quantitative studies assess differences in groups without introducing a change (ex: observational studies)
non-experimental
what are the 5 phases of a quantitative study?
- conceptual
- design and planning
- empirical
- analytic
- dissemination
re: the phases of a quantitative study, what is the name of the phase that includes:
identifying problem, study variables, reviewing literature, ethical issues + the hypothesis
conceptual
re: the phases of a quantitative study, what is the name of the phase that includes:
how often data will be collected?
how to reduce bias?
how is study structured?
design + planning
re: the phases of a quantitative study, what is the name of the phase that includes:
collecting data and coding if applicable
empirical
re: the phases of a quantitative study, what is the name of the phase that includes:
analyzing data
analytic
re: the phases of a quantitative study, what is the name of the phase that includes:
preparing the research report and using in practice
dissemination
re: qualitative studies, this type of theory tries to understand social psychological processes
grounded theory
re: qualitative studies, this type of theory is related to lived experience of humans and how people perceive their experiences
phenomenology
re: qualitative studies, this type of theory examines patterns and lifestyles of cultural groups
ethnography
these types of studies have no linear flow; steps go back and forth as needed
qualitative
in these types of studies, data can be collected before a design is finalized
qualitative
Which term is exclusive to quantitative research? A) study participant B) researcher C) variables D) data
C
A researcher investigated the effects of haloperidol on reducing delirium in the intensive care unit. What is the dependent variable? A) haloperidol B) delirium C) intensive care unit D) researcher
B
A researcher measured stress levels numerically between a group of nursing students versus a group of accounting students. What type of study is this? A) observational B) clinical trial C) ethnographic D) grounded theory
A
Which of the following is component of the conceptual phase of conducting a quantitative study? A) data collection B) data analysis C) review of literature D) dissemination of findings
C
What is one difference in qualitative and quantitative research? A) Addressing ethical issues B) Identifying a research problem C) Collecting Data D) Sample size determination
D
in quantitative study, sample is defined BEFORE study begins, but in qualitative study, sample is determined after data occurs
research studies generally follow which format?
IMRD
research studies usually follow IMRaD format. what are the components?
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
re: IMRaD format, what section includes a central phenomena, concepts, variables, conceptual framework, purpose, question, hypothesis, literature review and need for study
introduction
re: IMRaD format, what section describes what is done to address the problem and includes:
- research design
- sample plan
- instruments for data collection
- details of study
- how data was analyzed
method
re: IMRD format, which section describes the findings after data has been analyzed
results
____________ is describing how results are more likely to be true and replicated if conducted again with new sample (using P value)
statistical significance
what is considered a “good” P value? and what does a P value mean?
0.05 or less
= means there’s a 95% chance the results WILL be replicated / 5% chance they WON’T be replicated
re: IMRaD format, what section is describing the meaning or implications of findings and includes:
- interpretation of results
- study limitations
discussion
the scientific merit of a study is measured by assessing the _______ and ______ of an article
reliability + validity
re: quality of a study, what term refers to the accuracy and consistency of information
reliability
re: quality of a study, what term refers to the soundness of evidence
validity
re: quality of a study, what refers to the credibility, transferability, confirmability, dependability, and authenticity
trustworthiness
if something is ________ it will provide similar measurements under the same circumstances
RELIABLE
ex: using same thermometer and getting 2 different temperatures = poor reliability
__________ determines if the methods are appropriate to study the outcome
(ex: getting a core temperature measurement rather than an external temperature measurement)
validity
this is the primary method to assess credibility in qualitative studies
triangulation
ex: interviewing study participants and then observing their behavior in natural settings to compare
distortion or influence that results in error in inference
bias
2 ways we reduce bias in qualitative studies
- triangulation
2. reflexivity (“checking yo-self”)
in quantitative studies, this aims to keep as many variables as possible constant
research control
what is a double blind study?
participants and researchers BOTH don’t know who receives intervention
generalizability
results can be applied to other groups in other settings (quantitative studies)
(more likely if study is VALID, RELIABLE, and UNBIASED)
transferability
findings can be transferred to other settings
qualitative studies
Which element is expected to be in the introduction of an article? A) Hypothesis B) Sample size C) Limitations D) Statistical value
A!
sample size = methodology
limitations = discussion
statistical value = results
Which element is expected to be in the method section of an article? A) Literature review B) Sampling plan C) Study purpose D) Research implications
B!
lit review = introduction
study purpose = introduction
research implications = discussion
The accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study is the definition of what? A) credibility B) triangulation C) validity D) reliability
D
What method is used in qualitative studies to increase the trustworthiness of the study data? A) Triangulation B) Blinding C) Randomness D) Selecting a large sample
A
blinding, randomness, large sample size = done in quantitative studies
What factors influence the generalizability of a study? (Select all that apply). A) reliability B) validity C) sample population D) study environment
A
B
C
D
the nursing code of ethics is created by who?
ANA (american nurses association)
this report provided a model for many guidelines adopted by disciplinary organizations in the United States (r/t ethical guidelines for research)
Belmont Report
duty to maximize benefits and do good (ethical principle)
beneficence
this ethical concept allows participants to choose to participate in a study, drop out and be free from judgement if they do drop out
self-determination
this ethical concept means a participant has the right do be fully informed of a study’s purpose
full disclosure
this ethical concept accounts for a subjects right to privacy and fair treatment
justice
what are the 4 components of informed consent in research?
- study’s purpose
- privacy / confidentiality
- risks
- volunteer to participate
name 3 examples of vulnerable populations that are not able to give informed consent in research
- severely disabled (mentally or emotionally)
- children
- severely ill or physically disabled
if a child is >7 years old, they should _________ to being a research participant
assent
what is the most common entity that studies seek ethical approval from (separate from study)?
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
–> approval suggests the study was thoroughly reviewed for ethical concerns
Which ethical principle aligns with the concept of doing good? A) Justice B) Beneficence C) Confidentiality D) Self-determination
B
Which component is part of informed consent? A) Full disclosure B) Beneficence C) Justice D) Debriefing
A
Which of the following are risks to participants in research? (Select all that apply). A) Time B) Privacy C) Financial D) Emotional
ALL
will NOT have SATA’s on the exam but know the answer choices for potential questions
Which patient group would require consent from a legal guardian? A) Pregnant patient B) Prisoner C) Terminally ill patient D) Child
D
What method is best for a researcher to ensure their study is ethical?
A) Remove all participant identifying information
B) Ensure the sample population is diverse
C) Gain approval from an Institutional Review Board
D) Provide participants with informed consent
C
an enigmatic or troubling condition and goal is to find solution
research problem
this describes the problem and argument or reason why study is needed
problem statement
this is a summary of an overall goal (uses words “aim” or “objective”)
purpose statement
these are the specific queries researchers want to answer
research questions
these are the predictions researchers make about the study and its outcome
hypotheses
6 components of a problem statement
- problem identification
- background
- scope of problem
- consequence of problem
- knowledge gaps
- proposed solution
describe the components of PICO
P: patient/population
I: intervention/exposure
C: comparison/current practice
O: outcome
this type of research question includes PICO + variables
quantitative
this type of research includes grounded theory, phenomenology + ethnography
qualitative
grounded theory focuses on ________
process
phenomenology focuses on _________
meaning
ethnography:
asking descriptive questions about culture
words like “increase, decrease, more likely, less likely” are examples of what type of relationship (in hypothesis)
directional relationship
this type of hypothesis doesn’t specify a specific change, just that relationship exists
non-directional
this type of hypothesis is a statement of the existence or prediction of relationships between variables
(includes directional or non-directional)
research hypothesis
this type of hypothesis explains there is NOT a relationship between 2 variables
null hypothesis
this determines if a hypothesis is good
statistical analysis
what is the P value goal?
< 0.05
= means results can be replicated 95% of the time; 5% of the time they won’t be replicated
can a hypothesis ever be proven?
no; can only be SUPPORTED (w/p value)
what provides better support of a hypothesis:
A. one study with P value: 0.01
B. multiple studies with P value 0.04
B
multiple studies with a good P value is better than one study with a better P value
A study aims to determine if follow-up phone calls after discharge will reduce the incidence of readmissions related to congestive heart failure within 30 days. What is the research problem?
A) follow-up phone calls
B) readmissions within 30 days
C) discharge process
D) congestive heart failure disease process
B
Which type of research design would use a research question to find the meaning in something? A) Clinical trial B) Ethnographic C) Phenomenological D) Grounded Theory
C
Which of the following are components of the Problem Statement? (Select all that apply). A) Background B) Scope of the problem C) Knowledge gaps D) Null hypothesis
A, B, C
Which type of hypothesis reflects the absence of a relationship between two variables? A) Research B) Directional C) Nondirectional D) Null
D
What p value would suggest that the hypothesis is not supported? A) 0.01 B) 0.02 C) 0.04 D) 0.07
D
goal for P value is <0.05
what is a written summary of the state of evidence on a research problem + to gather significant amount of data on a topic
literature review
what is primary research article
written by person who conducted the study
what is secondary research article?
what’s an example walters gave?
describes research studies written by someone else
= literature review
what type of research is a literature review? (primary or secondary)
secondary
should opinion articles, case reports and clinical anecdotes be included in a lit review?
NOOOOPE
re: literature review, what is something unique about qualitative studies?
literature review might occur after study has started
re: searching databases, what would a keyword search be associated with in the PICO statement?
I - intervention
O - outcome
describe what Boolean operators will do when using:
“and”
“or”
“not”
and –> results with both words
or –> results with either word
not –> no results with word that comes after “not”
when using databases to search for articles, what will using quotation marks around the words do? (ex: “fall prevention”)
forces to find those words together in a title
what part of an article are you “screening” to see if it’s relevant
abstract
re: searching for articles in a database, what is “abstracting” referring to?
keeping track of articles
a literature review should be 2 things
- objective
- unbiased
also only paraphrasing
What is primary research?
A) A study conducted by one researcher
B) Research described by the person who performed the study
C) Exploring a topic focused on primary care
D) A study with one research goal
B
What type of research is a literature review? A) Ethnographic B) Secondary C) Clinical Trial D) Quality Improvement
B
What is the purpose of using quotation marks in a literature search? To locate articles:
A) that contain quotes related to the words in quotes
B) that have an audio-recorded version of the article
C) without the words included in the quotes
D) with titles that have the words together in the title
D
What section of the article is used to screen for relevance? A) Abstract B) Methods C) Results D) Conclusion
A
What is the purpose for a literature review?
A) to justify the references used for the study
B) give readers an understanding of the contents of the study
C) synthesize research evidence on a topic
D) review articles to determine if they should be published
C
an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated
theory
which type of theory describes: if a behavior is rewarded, it will be repeated and learned?
reinforcement behavior
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this type of theory attempts to explain large segments of the human experience
grand theories
what are the examples of grand theories? (6)
- roy’s adaptation model
- transcultural nursing
- nursing process theory
- theory of human becoming
- self-care theory
- modeling and role modeling theory
“roy is becoming a trans nurse model that loves self care”
between grand theories and middle-range theories, which are more suitable for research?
middle-range
this type of model visually represent the relationships among phenomena
schematic model or conceptual maps
what’s an example (from book/lecture) of schematic model?
health promotion model
what is the conceptual underpinning of a study?
framework
if a study is based on a theory it has what type of framework?
theoretical framework
if a study’s basis is a conceptual model, what type of framework is it?
conceptual framework
re: conceptual models of nursing, they include which 4 concepts?
nursing, health, human beings, environment
which model describes human beings coping with environmental changes through adaptation?
Roy’s Adaptation Model
what are the examples of the middle range theories and models? (6)
- health promotion model
- uncertainty in illness theory
- social cognitive theory
- transtheoretical model
- health belief model
- theory of planned behavior
this type of theory uses framework related to sociological formulations
grounded theory
What is true regarding middle-range theories?
A) Able to be tested empirically
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
C) Focused on the middle-class population
D) Research is limited to small population groups
A
What is true regarding frameworks for quantitative articles?
A) Included in the methods section
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
C) Aims to ignore theory to avoid bias
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework
D
What traits should be defined in any conceptual model of nursing? (Select all that apply). A) Human being B) Environment C) Health D) Impact
A, B, C
also, nursing
Which of the following is a middle-range theory? A) Roy’s Adaptation Model B) Theory of Human Becoming C) Self-Care Theory D) Health Promotion Model
D
other 3 are grand theories
Which type of model places concepts in a visual format? A) Conceptual Framework B) Theoretical Framework C) Schematic Model D) Conceptual Model
C
Which of the following is an example of a grand theory? A. Nursing Process Theory B. Theory of Planned Behavior C. Uncertainty in Illness Theory D. Social Cognitive Theory
A
“nurses and their theories are GRAND!”
What is the purpose for an article identified as a literature review?
a. to justify the references used for the study
b. synthesize research evidence on a topic
c. review articles to determine if they should be published
d. give readers an understanding of the contents of the study
B
What can be used when searching article databases to ensure two words are placed together in the article? (for example you want: Patient Education on Fall Prevention, where patient and education are together, rather than getting Patient Fall Reduction Through Education, where they are separated)
a. use of the boolean operator “and”
b. quotation marks around the two words
c. Searching for only the two words with nothing else added
d. Clicking the box that says peer reviewed
B
Which type of research design would use a research question to find the meaning in something?
a. Phenomenological
b. Ethnographic
c. Grounded Theory
d. Clinical trial
a
Read the following PICO Question: In patients with type 2 Diabetes, what is the effect of a once weekly injection of Ozempic versus sliding scale insulin on fasting blood glucose?
Which part of the question would be the comparison?
Sliding scale insulin
Which component is part of informed consent? A. Justice B. Beneficence C. Full disclosure D. Debriefing
C
What part of a research study describes the participants in the study? A. Study procedures B. Research design C. Sampling plan D. Data analysis
C
A researcher measured stress levels numerically between a group of nursing students versus a group of accounting students. What type of study is this?
a. clinical trial
b. observational
c. ethnographic
d. grounded theory
B
Which of the following is a barrier to implementing evidence-based practice?
A. Nurses are always ready to change
B. Hospital’s permit paid time off to allow employees to attend education on new interventions
C. One study is sufficient to change practice
D. Information being contained in journal articles
D
A nursing student does not wear gloves when giving intravenous medications because it was learned through watching a preceptor perform the procedure this way. Which source of knowledge explains this behavior? A. Clinical Experience B. Disciplined Research C. Trial and Error D. Authority
D
