Exam 1 Flashcards
Stimulus
when a biological parameter that fluctuates too far from the set point and gets detected by a receptor
Controller
compares stimulus to the set point and then activates the effector
Effector
coordinates some type of response in the body
Negative feedback response
the response decreases the stimulus
Negative feedback loop
returns the body to its homeostasis
Positive feedback loop
creates response that amplifies the stimulus (so brings the body our of homeostasis)
Closed System
Relationship between stimulus and response
Open System/Feed forward system
No relationship between stimulus and response (helps to prepare for a situation you maybe in)
Compartmentalization
the way the human body organizes itself so it can function properly
What are compartmentalized?
Cells - each organelle, fluids, organs - so the body can function more efficiently
Intracellular fluid
fluid inside cells (cytosol)
Extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - contains interstitial fluid, plasma, and other
Anatomy
study of biological sciences
Histology
the study of tissues
Cytology
the study of cells
Gross anatomy
refers to structures that can only be seen without a microscope
Embryology
the study of developing embryos
Connectomics
explores connections between neurons in the nervous system and is only possible since we are able to see where neurons are in the body
Physiology
study of biological function
Neurophysiology
the study of the functions of the nervous system
Cystic Fibrosis
deposits mucus in the respiratory system which effects gas exchange
Anatomical Position
standing upright, head facing forward, feet parallel to ground, arms to the side, palms facing forward
Axial Structures
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Appendicular Structures
Clavicle, scapula, arm, hand, pubic bones, leg, foot
Superior/Cranial
towards the head
Proximal
close to attachment
Distal
farther from attachment
Medial
towards the midline
Lateral
farther from midline
Inferior/Caudal
towards the feet
Anterior/Ventral
towards the front half
Posterior/Dorsal
towards the back half
Transverse section
cut to separate top and bottom
Midsagittal section
cut to separate left and right exactly in the middle
Coronal section
cut to separate back and front of body
Sagittal section
cut left and right unevenly
Homeostasis
the ability to maintain relatively constant positions
Tissue
a collection of cells that serve a common function inside a body and gives rise to organs
How are tissues different from one another?
cellular composition, extracellular matrix, function
Extracellular matrix
contains proteins, salts, water, and other macromolecules
4 major types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
General function of epithelial tissues
physical protection (trauma or chemicals)
Absorption
molecules entering the cell from extracellular fluid
Secretion
molecules leaving the cell to extracellular fluid
General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regenerative capacity
Avascularity
lacks blood supply
Vascularity
Has blood flowing through it
Exchange
one flattened layer, permits the rapid exchange of materials between 2 compartments, found in lungs
Transporting
one columnar or cuboidal layer, tight junctions prevent movement between cells so they have to move intracellularly (more selective), found in intestine and kidney
Ciliated
one cuboidal to columnar layer, one side covered in cilia to move fluid across surface, found in nose and trachea
Protective
many flattened layers, cells connected by many desmosomes, found in skin
Secretory
one to many columnar layers, are organized into glands
Dyskinesia
abnormal movement of cilia and often impact the growth of tissues
Exocrine Glands
release their secretions into ducts
Endocrine Glands
release their secretions into blood or interstitial fluid
Simple Glands
Contains only one ducts
Compound Glands
contains multiple ducts
Tubular Glands
tube-like shape
Alveolar Glands
circle-like shape
Acinar cells
secretory cells
Ductal cells
cells that make up the ducts
Merocrine
package their secretions into membrane bound vesicles which then can be exocytosed out of the cell
Apocrine
membrane will engulf the secretions and pinch off into external environment
Holocrine
release their secretions by destroying the cell
Intercellular junctions
epithelial cells that are strongly bound to each other on lateral surfaces by membrane specializations
Tight Junctions
connects adjacent cells very closely and restrict movements between the cells
Adherens Junctions
connects two cells by protecting their protein in the cytoskeleton
Desmosomes
join two cells together with proteins called connexons
Pemphigus Vulgaris
a disease in which the immune system attacks the connexons
Gap Junctions
electrochemical connection between adjacent cells
Connective tissue
binds other tissue together and is most diverse
General functions of connective tissue
physical protection, support and structure, storage, binding of structures, transport, immune protection
Loose connective tissue
have a lot of fluid in their matrix
areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissue
packed matrix with little fluid
regular, irregular
Fluid connective tissue
blood
What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?
bone and cartilage
Compact bone
absorbs a great deal of mechanical energy before fracture
Spongy bone
can be deformed without fracture
Flat bones
skull
Long bones
longer than they are wide
Diaphysis
the shaft of a bone
Epiphysis
the two ends of a bone where the bone articulates with another to form a joint
Osteon Haversion System
bones is a system of tubes within tubes and is highly vascular
Central Canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
Osteocytes
a bone cell
Canaliculi
canals that distribute nutrients from the central canal to the various layers of the tissue
Osteoprogenitors
bone stem cells
Osteoblast
creates osteocytes and builds the bone matrix
Osteoclasts
breaking down bone matrix (reabsorption) with HCl
Cartilage
still a strong connective tissue even though it is more flexible
Chondroblasts
produce the extracellular matrix
Chondrocytes
cells that continue to produce matrix and become surrounded by matrix
Chondroclasts
break down cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
strong flexible and found in nose and joints
Fibrocartilage
strongest type of cartilage and makes up intervertebral discs
Elastic
most flexible and found in outer ear
Interstitial growth
each chondrocytes undergoing mitosis and continuously deposits matrix into the lacunae then eventually are separated until there is 2 chondrocytes and 2 lacunae
Appositional growth
stem cells form chondroblasts and they start to produce extracellular matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes and form new lacunae
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular
Problem with avascularity
tissues often repair themselves slowly or inefficiently
Epiphyseal plate/growth plate
region between diaphysis and epiphysis
Ehler Danlos Syndrome
due to mutations in collagen and range in severity
Metaplasia
one tissue type is replaced with another type
Hypertrophy
a tissue grows because the cells become larger
Hyperplasia
tissue growth due to normal mechanisms just more frequently
Neoplasia
tissue growth due to abnormal cell growth which causes cancer
Apoptosis
programmed cell death in response to injury or bacterial infection
Neocrosis
uncontrolled cell death and often damages surrounding tissues
Stem Cells
undifferentiated cells that can give rise to many cell types
Totipotent stem cells
can give rise to any cell
Multipotent stem cells
committed to becoming only one category of tissues
