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Radiology > Exam 1 (1-4, & 9) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (1-4, & 9) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Who was awarded the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901, for his experimental work with radiation?
    a. W. J. Morton
    b. O. Walkhoff
    c. W. D. Coolidge
    d. W. C. Roentgen
A

d. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

(He discovered the x-ray on November 8, 1895, when he noted that a fluorescent screen near a Crookes vacuum tube began to glow when an electric current was passed through the tube.)

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2
Q
  1. Who is credited with introducing the bitewing radiograph?
    a. F. W. McCormack
    b. H. R. Raper
    c. G. M. Fitzgerald
    d. C. E. Kells
A

b. Howard Riley Raper

(wrote the first dental radiology textbook, Elementary and Dental Radiology, and introduced bitewing radiographs in 1925)

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3
Q
  1. Who developed the hot cathode ray tube?
    a. W. D. Coolidge
    b. W. A. Price
    c. H. R. Raper
    d. W. H. Rollins
A

a. William David Coolidge

(developed the shockproof hot cathode tube while working for the General Electric Company in 1913.)

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4
Q
  1. The development of radiation protection as a science is credited to:
    a. A. Cieszyński.
    b. W. D. Coolidge.
    c. W. H. Rollins.
    d. F. Mouyen.
A

William Herbert Rollins

(was one of the first to alert the profession to the need for radiation hygiene and protection, and is considered by many to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection.)

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5
Q
  1. What New Orleans dentist first made practical use of x-rays in the treatment of dental patients?
    a. H. R. Raper
    b. G. M. Fitzgerald
    c. F. Mouyen
    d. C. E. Kells
A

d. C. Edmund Kells

(took the first dental radiograph on a living subject in the United States. He was the first to put the radiograph to practical use in dentistry. Dr. Kells made numerous presentations to organized dental groups and was instrumental in convincing many dentists that they should use oral radiography as a diagnostic tool.)

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6
Q
  1. Early researchers working in the field of radiography were not aware that continued exposure to x-rays produced accumulations of radiation effects in the body because x-rays are invisible.
    a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
    b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
    c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
    d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
    e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
A

a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

(Because x-rays are invisible, scientists and researchers working in the field of radiography were not aware that continued exposure produced accumulations of radiation effects in the body and therefore could be dangerous to both patient and radiographer.)

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7
Q
  1. The most significant advancement in the early days of radiography came in 1913 when W. D. Coolidge:
    a. became the first to alert the profession of the dangers of radiation exposure and advocated for the science of radiation protection.
    b. exposed a prototype of a dental radiograph, setting the stage for preventive oral health care.
    c. developed a variable, high kilovoltage x-ray machine compatible with the paralleling technique.
    d. introduced an x-ray tube that allowed for an x-ray output that could be predetermined and accurately controlled.
A

d. introduced an x-ray tube that allowed for an x-ray output that could be predetermined and accurately controlled.

(The introduction of the Coolidge tube allowed for an x-ray output that could be predetermined and accurately controlled.)

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8
Q
  1. The first dental radiograph was produced using an exposure time of:
    a. 0.5 second.
    b. 1 minute.
    c. 5 minutes.
    d. 25 minutes.
    e. 1 hour.
A

d. 25 minutes.

(Dr. Otto Walkhoff, a German physicist, was the first to expose a prototype of a dental radiograph. This was accomplished by covering a small, glass photographic plate with black paper to protect it from light and then wrapping it in a sheath of thin rubber to prevent moisture damage during the 25 minutes that he held the film in his mouth.)

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9
Q
  1. What component of the dental x-ray machine best limits the size of the x-ray beam to the approximate size of the image receptor?
    a. A pointed cone
    b. An open round cylinder
    c. A rectangular PID
    d. A slit collimator
A

c. A rectangular PID

(A rectangular position indicating device (PID) limits the size of the x-ray beam that strikes the patient to the actual size of the image receptor.)

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10
Q
  1. Panoramic radiology became popular in the:
    a. 1930s.
    b. 1940s.
    c. 1950s.
    d. 1960s.
    e. 1970s.
A

d. 1960s.

(Panoramic radiography became popular in the 1960s with the introduction of the panoramic x-ray machine.)

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11
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true regarding cone beam volumetric imaging?
    a. It images a single selected plane of tissues.
    b. It is based on computed tomography.
    c. It uses less radiation than a panoramic radiograph.
    d. It is designed specifically for imaging dental applications.
    e. It is purported to become the gold standard for imaging certain oral conditions.
A

c. It uses less radiation than a panoramic radiograph.

(While cone beam volumetric imaging dedicated to dental applications produces less radiation doses than conventional CT scans, the dose is still 4 to 15 times that required for a panoramic radiograph.)

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12
Q
  1. Early dental film required long exposure times because:
    a. it was hand-wrapped.
    b. the emulsion was only on one side.
    c. glass plates were used as the base.
    d. the packets were not moisture resistant.
A

b. the emulsion was only on one side.

(Early film had emulsion on only one side and required long exposure times.)

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13
Q
  1. Each of the following is an advantage of digital imaging EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    a. It reduces radiation over film-based radiography.
    b. It eliminates the need for the darkroom and processing chemistry.
    c. It allows the use of pointed cones without radiation hazards.
    d. It avoids the need for disposal of hazardous materials such as lead foils from film packets.
    e. It produces enhanced two- and three-dimensional images.
A

c. It allows the use of pointed cones without radiation hazards.

(Pointed cones are no longer acceptable because x-rays are scattered through contact with the material of pointed cones.)

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14
Q
  1. The bisecting technique was the first and earliest radiographic technique for exposing intraoral radiographs because the bisecting technique is based on the rule of isometry.
    a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
    b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
    c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
    d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
    e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
A

b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.

(The bisecting technique is based on the rule of isometry, but this is not the reason that it was the first and earliest radiographic technique for exposing intraoral radiographs.)

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15
Q
  1. The paralleling technique is taught in all dental assisting, dental hygiene, and dental schools because it is the technique of choice for imaging intraoral radiographs.
    a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
    b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
    c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
    d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
A

a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

(Because the newer technique of paralleling improved on the older bisecting technique, it is the technique of choice and taught in all dental assisting, dental hygiene, and dental schools.)

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16
Q
  1. The rule of isometry is the basis for what dental radiographic technique?
    a. Bisecting
    b. Paralleling
    c. Panoramic
    d. Digital
    e. Computed tomography
A

a. Bisecting

(In 1907, A. Cieszyński, a Polish engineer, applied the “rule of isometry ”to dental radiology and is credited for suggesting the bisecting technique.)

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17
Q
  1. Each of the following is a potential use of dental radiographs EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    a. Diagnosing dental caries
    b. Evaluating development of dentition
    c. Detecting missing teeth
    d. Assessing patient self-care
    e. Evaluating trauma to teeth and supporting bone
A

d. Assessing patient self-care

(Home care is best determined during a visual clinical examination that would assess the presence of biofilms and the condition of the gingival tissues. –> Holding the film in the patient’s mouth exposes the radiographer to unnecessary radiation.)

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18
Q
  1. Producing radiographs of the teeth and/or the oral cavity is called:
    a. Radiation producing.
    b. Radiology.
    c. Roentgenograph.
    d. X-raying.
    e. Radiography.
A

e. Radiography.

(Radiography is defined as the making of radiographs by exposing and processing x-ray film.)

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19
Q
  1. Dental assistants and dental hygienists meet an important need by providing each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXEPTION?
    a. Exposing radiographs
    b. Processing radiographs
    c. Mounting radiographs
    d. Prescribing radiographs
    e. Interpreting radiographs
A

d. Prescribing radiographs

(Dentists have the authority and responsibility for prescribing and diagnosing conditions from dental radiographs. Dentists, dental assistants, and dental hygienists can expose, process, mount, and interpret (read) dental radiographs.)

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20
Q
  1. The positioning indicating device (PID) is sometimes called a “cone” because the PID of early dental x-ray machines was of a pointed shape.
    a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
    b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
    c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
    d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
    e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
A

a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

(Because cones were used for so many years, many still refer to the open cylinders or rectangular tubes as cones.)

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21
Q
  1. William Herbert Rollins was awarded the first Nobel Prize for physics. T/F
A

False.

(William Conrad Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901 for the discovery of the x-ray. )

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22
Q
  1. C. Edmund Kells encouraged the practical use of radiographs in dentistry. T/F
A

True.

(C. Edmund Kells took the first dental radiograph on a living subject in the United States. He made many presentations to organized dentistry advocating the use of dental radiographs as a diagnostic tool.)

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23
Q
  1. The radiographer should help the patient hold the image receptor in place during exposure. T/F
A

False.

(Continued exposure results in the accumulation of radiation effects in the body that can be dangerous to the radiographer.)

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24
Q
  1. In the early 1900s dental patients would have to be sent to hospitals or a physician’s office to have a dental radiograph exposed. T/F
A

True.

(It was customary to send the patient to a hospital or physician’s office on those rare occasions when dental radiographs were prescribed.)

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25
Q
  1. Early dental x-ray machines were an electrical hazard.
A

True.

(Dental x-ray machines manufactured before 1920 were an electrical hazard because of open, uninsulated, high-voltage supply wires.)

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26
Q
  1. Pointed cones should be used to direct radiation from the x-ray tube to the patient. T/F
A

False.

(Pointed cones allow x-ray scatter to reach the patient through contact with the material of the cone.)

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27
Q
  1. Dental x-ray film available today is coated with emulsion on both sides. T/F
A

True.

(Early x-ray films were single emulsion only and required long exposure times. Today’s films are double emulsion and require much shorter exposure times.)

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28
Q
  1. The bisecting technique is the technique of choice for intraoral radiography.
A

False.

(The paralleling technique is less complicated and produces better radiographs more consistently than the bisecting technique.)

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29
Q
  1. Dental radiography supplements visual and physical examination to provide a quality evaluation of a patient. T/F
A

True.

(Many conditions may go undetected without radiographic examination.)

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30
Q
  1. Digital imaging systems can reduce radiation dosage more than film-based radiography. T/F
A

True.

(Digital sensors that replace film are more sensitive to x-rays, allowing for a reduction in radiation dose, one of the biggest advantages of digital imaging over film-based radiographs.)

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31
Q
  1. A radiograph is an image produced by exposure to x-rays. T/F
A

True.

The definition of radiograph is an image produced on photosensitive film by exposure to x-rays.

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32
Q
  1. Computed tomography eliminates the use of radiation to produce an image. T/F
A

False.

(Computed tomography or CT scans deliver high radiation doses, sometimes up to 600 times more than a panoramic radiograph.)

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33
Q
  1. Digital imaging replaces the conventional dental x-ray machine. T/F
A

False.

(In digital radiography a sensor replaces film. The conventional dental x-ray machine is used for both digital and film-based imaging.)

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34
Q
  1. The paralleling technique is based on the rule of isometry. T/F
A

False.

(The bisecting technique is based on the rule of isometry.)

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35
Q
  1. The PID is used to direct the useful beam of radiation. T/F
A

True.

(PID stands for position indicating device, which means that the PID is used to direct the useful beam of radiation toward the patient and the image receptor.)

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36
Q
  1. X-radiation was discovered when Roentgen was working with a Crookes tube. T/F
A

True.

(Roentgen discovered x-radiation while working with a Crookes tube (named after William Crookes, an English chemist). The Coolidge tube is named after William David Coolidge who, while working for the General Electric Company, introduced the hot cathode tube that allowed x-ray output to be predetermined and accurately controlled.)

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37
Q
  1. Roentgen named his discovery the roentgen ray. T/F
A

False.

Roentgen reported his finding at a scientific meeting, he spoke of it as an x-ray because the symbol x represented the unknown. After his findings were reported and published, fellow scientists honored him by calling the invisible ray the roentgen ray.

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38
Q
  1. The x-radiation output of the Crookes tube (named after the English chemist William Crookes) could be predetermined and accurately controlled. T/F
A

False.

(The x-ray output of the Coolidge tube could be predetermined and accurately controlled.)

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39
Q
  1. Early scientists and researchers working in the field of radiography were not aware that continued exposure produced accumulations of radiation effects in the body. T/F
A

True.

(Because x-rays are invisible, scientists and researchers working in the field of radiography were not aware that continued exposure produced accumulations of radiation effects in the body, and therefore could be dangerous to both patient and radiographer.)

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40
Q
  1. In the early 1900s, it was common practice for the radiographer to help the patient hold the film in place while making the exposure. T/F
A

True.

(When radiography was in its infancy, it was common practice for the dentist or dental assistant to help the patient hold the film in place while making the exposure.)

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41
Q
  1. Who first determined that x-rays would play a role in dentistry?
A

Dr. Otto Walkhoff.

(held a small photographic plate in his mouth for a 25-minute exposure to demonstrate that radiographs of the teeth could be made.)

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42
Q
  1. Who is considered to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection?
A

Dr. William Herbert Rollins.

(was one of the first to alert the profession to the need for radiation hygiene and protection.)

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43
Q
  1. Who developed the hot cathode ray tube?
A

William David Coolidge

(In 1913, William David Coolidge, working for the General Electric Company, designed the hot cathode tube in which the tube and high-voltage transformer were placed in an oil-filled compartment that acted as a radiation shield and electrical insulator.)

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44
Q
  1. Which radiograph displays the entire dentition and surrounding structures?
A

panoramic radiograph

(A panoramic radiograph displays a broad area of the mandible and maxilla on a single image receptor.)

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45
Q
  1. What is the technique of choice for intraoral radiography?
A

The paralleling technique

(is the technique of choice because it is less complicated and more consistently produces better radiographs than the bisecting technique.)

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46
Q
  1. In dental digital imaging systems, what replaces film?
A

Sensors

(are comparable to film in dimensions and nearly comparable in radiographic quality.)

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47
Q
  1. What medical imaging modality records a selected plane of tissues?
A

computed tomography (CT) scan

(A computed tomography (CT) scan images a single selected plane of tissues.)

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48
Q
  1. What is the name of the device that functions to direct the x-ray beam toward the patient?
A

position indicating device (PID)

(is used to direct the x-ray beam.)

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49
Q
  1. What is the purpose of studying the history of radiography and dental radiography?
A

Through familiarity with the evolution of concepts and theories, investigators gain knowledge about current practices and appreciate future advancements.

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50
Q
  1. Each of the following is a form of energy EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    a. Heat
    b. Water
    c. Light
    d. X-radiation
A

b. Water

(is a form of matter. Heat, light, electricity, and x-radiation are forms of energy)

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51
Q
  1. What is the maximum number of electron shells (energy levels) an atom can have?
    a. 1
    b. 3
    c. 5
    d. 7
A

d. 7

(The innermost shell is the K shell, followed by the L shell, and so on, up to a maximum of seven shells.)

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52
Q
  1. Each of the following is a form of ionizing radiation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    a. Cosmic rays
    b. X-rays
    c. Radio waves
    d. Gamma rays
A

c. Radio waves

(Only radiation that produces ions is termed ionizing radiation.)

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53
Q
  1. Each of the following statements about electromagnetic radiations is true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
    a. They have a negative electrical charge.
    b. They have no mass.
    c. They pass through space as particles and in a wave-like motion.
    d. They have no weight.
A

a. They have a negative electrical charge.

(Electromagnetic radiations have no electrical charge.)

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54
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about x-rays is NOT true?
    a. They travel at the speed of light.
    b. They are invisible.
    c. They have no mass.
    d. They travel in convergent lines.
A

d. They travel in convergent lines.

(X-rays travel in divergent lines.)

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55
Q
  1. Which one of these is NOT a Système International (SI) unit of measurement?
    a. Sievert
    b. Roentgen
    c. Coulombs per kilogram
    d. Gray
A

b. Roentgen

(Roentgen is a traditional unit of measurement.)

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56
Q
  1. The Système International unit for measuring absorbed dose is the
    a. Gray
    b. Sievert
    c. Rad
    d. Rem
A

a. Gray

(While the rad is the unit for measuring absorbed dose in traditional units, the gray is the unit used by the SI system.)

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57
Q
  1. The greatest exposure to ionizing radiation to the population comes from
    a. Medical x-rays
    b. Occupational exposure
    c. Dental x-rays
    d. Background radiation
A

d. Background radiation

(Background radiation refers to that radiation which is always present in the environment. The sources of background radiation include cosmic rays from outer space, terrestrial radiations from the earth, and naturally occurring radionuclides which we inadvertently inhale or ingest.)

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58
Q
  1. The speed of a wave is its
    a. Wavelength
    b. Velocity
    c. Frequency
    d. Photon
A

b. Velocity

(Velocity is a measure of the speed of travel.)

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59
Q
  1. The majority of x-rays produced by dental x-ray machines are formed by:
    a. Characteristic radiation
    b. Radionuclide decay
    c. Bremsstrahlung radiation
    d. Coherent scattering
A

c. Bremsstrahlung radiation

(The majority of x-rays produced by dental x-ray machines are formed by general/bremsstrahlung radiation which is produced when electrons are accelerated across the tube head and abruptly stop against the tungsten target.)

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60
Q
  1. Radiation is best described as a:
    a. substance that occupies space.
    b. resistor of heat.
    c. type of electricity.
    d. movement of energy.
A

d. movement of energy.

Radiation is defined as the emission and movement ofenergy through space in the form of electromagnetic radiation (x- and gamma rays) or particulate radiation (alpha andbeta particles).

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61
Q
  1. The smallest particle of a substance that still retains the properties of that substance is a/an:
    a. atom.
    b. electron.
    c. neutron.
    d. molecule.
A

d. molecule.

A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that retains the properties of that substance.

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62
Q
  1. The emission and movement of electromagnetic or particulate energy through space is known as:
    a. ionization.
    b. radiation.
    c. radioactivity.
    d. the formation of ion pairs.
A

b. radiation.

Radiation is defined as the emission and movement of energ through space in the form of electromagnetic radiation (x- and gamma rays) or particulate radiation (alpha and beta particles).

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63
Q
  1. The measure of the number of waves that pass a given point per unit of time is known as the:
    a. angstrom unit.
    b. wavelength.
    c. frequency.
    d. velocity.
A

c. frequency.

(Frequency is a measure of the number of waves that pass a given point per unit of time.)

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64
Q
  1. When x-rays pass through matter, which interaction results in x-rays being scattered in all directions?
    a. The coherent effect
    b. The photoelectric effect
    c. The Compton effect
A

c. The Compton effect

The Compton effect causes x-rays to be scattered in all directions.

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65
Q
  1. The amount of energy deposited in the teeth or soft tissue by any type of radiation is called the:
    a. exposure amount.
    b. absorbed dose.
    c. dose equivalent.
    d. background radiation.
A

b. absorbed dose.

Absorbed dose is the traditional unit of measure referring to the amount of energy deposited in tissues by any type of radiation.

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66
Q
  1. The units used to measure the dose equivalent of radiation is the:
    a. Gray (Gy).
    b. Sieverts (Sv).
    c. Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg).
    d. Roentgens (R).
A

b. Sieverts (Sv)

Sievert is the Système International unit for measuring dose equivalent.

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67
Q
  1. The sievert and rem are units of measurement for:
    a. the radiation exposure in the air.
    b. the amount of energy absorbed by tissues.
    c. the comparison of biological effects.
    d. All of the above.
A

c. the comparison of biological effects.

The sievert is the Système International unit and the rem is the traditional unit of measurement for the comparison of biological effects.

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68
Q
  1. A weighting (qualifying) factor is used to determine which of the following?
    a. coulombs per kilogram
    b. sievert
    c. roentgen
    d. gray
A

b. sievert

“Dose equivalent” is defined as the product of the absorbed dose multiplied by a biological-effect qualifying or weighting factor. The Système International unit for measuring the dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv)

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69
Q
  1. The wavelength determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation. The longer the wavelength, the higher the energy of the radiation.
    a. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
    b. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.
    c. Both statements are true.
    d. Both statements are false.
A

a. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

Wavelength is the distance between two similar points on two successive waves. The shorter the wavelength, the more penetrating the radiation.

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70
Q
  1. Matter is defined as the ability to do work and overcome resistance. T/F
A

False.

Energy is the ability to do work and overcome resistance. Energy is produced whenever the state of matter is altered.

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71
Q
  1. An atom is the smallest part of an element that still retains properties of that element. T/F
A

True.

If an atom is split, the resulting particles do not retain the full properties of the element.

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72
Q
  1. Electrons have a positive charge. T/F
A

False.

Electrons have a negative charge and are constantly orbiting the nucleus. Protons are the component of an atom that have a positive charge.

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73
Q
  1. The inner-most electron shell in an atom is the K shell. T/F
A

True.

There may be as many as seven shells in an atom. The innermost level is the K shell, followed by the L shell, and so on.

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74
Q
  1. Dental x-rays do not involve the use of radioactivity. T/F
A

True.

Dental x-rays involve the use of electromagnetic radiation and not unstable radioactive isotopes.

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75
Q
  1. X-rays travel at the speed of sound. T/F
A

False.

X-rays travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second).

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76
Q
  1. Wavelength and frequency are directly related.
A

False.

Wavelength and frequency are inversely related. When the wavelength is long, the frequency is low. When the wavelength is short, the frequency is high.

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77
Q
  1. X-rays make the materials they pass through radioactive.
A

False.

Dental x-rays have no effect on the atoms they interact with, so the irradiated materials are not made radioactive.

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78
Q
  1. The photoelectric effect is an all-or-nothing energy loss.
A

True.

When an x-ray imparts all of its energy to an orbital electron of an atom, the x-ray vanishes.

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79
Q
  1. The Compton effect causes x-rays to be scattered in all directions. T/F
A

True.

Part of the energy of a dental x-ray is transferred to an orbital electron and a new, weaker x-ray is formed that scatters in a different direction, possibly even a direction opposite to the original x-ray.

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80
Q
  1. The number of electrons in the nucleus of an element determines its atomic number. T/F
A

False.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determines its atomic number.

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81
Q
  1. Background radiation includes cosmic rays from outer space, naturally occurring radiation from the earth, and radiation from radioactive materials. T/F
A

True.

Background radiation is defined as ionizing radiation that is always present in our environment and includes cosmic rays from outer space, naturally occurring radiation from the earth, and radiation from radioactive materials.

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82
Q
  1. Kinetic energy is the internal energy within the atom that holds its components together. T/F
A

False.

Binding energy is the internal energy within the atom that holds its components together.

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83
Q
  1. The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the atomic number. T/F
A

True.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determines its atomic number.

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84
Q
  1. Energy that travels in a different direction than that of the original x-ray is collectively called “secondary radiation.” T/F
A

True.

Secondary radiation is radiation that travels in a direction opposite that of the original x-ray.

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85
Q
  1. The majority of x-rays produced by dental x-ray machines are formed by general (bremsstrahlung) radiation. T/F
A

True.

The majority of x-rays produced by dental x-ray machines are formed by general/bremsstrahlung radiation.

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86
Q
  1. The electromagnetic spectrum arranges energy types by decay rates. T/f
A

False.

The electromagnetic spectrum arranges energy types by wavelengths.

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87
Q
  1. X-rays of high energy and extremely short wavelengths are classified as hard radiation. T/F
A

True.

Hard radiation refers to x-radiation with extremely short wavelengths indicative of high energy.

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88
Q
  1. Ionizing radiation is energy that is capable of producing ions. T/F
A

True.

Any radiation that produces ions is called “ionizing radiation.”

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89
Q
  1. Electromagnetic radiation is propelled through space as both a particle and a wave. T/F
A

True.

Electromagnetic radiations display two seemingly contradictory properties. It is believed to move through space as both a particle and a wave.

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90
Q
  1. What is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass?
A

Matter.

The world consists of matter and energy. Matter makes up anything we can see, touch, and recognize.

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91
Q
  1. What are the positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom called?
A

Protons.

Positively charged protons and neutral neutrons make up the nucleus of atoms.

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92
Q
  1. What is the term for atoms that have gained or lost electrons and electrical neutrality?
A

Ions.

The number of protons (positive charges) in an atom normally equals the number of electrons (negative charges). When an electron is removed from a neutral atom, it loses electrical neutrality and becomes an ion.

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93
Q
  1. What is the name of the process in which unstable elements undergo spontaneous decay in order to become stable?
A

Radioactivity.

Unstable, radioactive isotopes try to regain nuclear stability through the release of energy.

94
Q
  1. What is the term for bundles of energy that travel through space at the speed of light?
A

Photons.

The particle (or quantum) theory assumes that electromagnetic radiations are particles or quanta. These particles are called “photons.”

95
Q
  1. What is the speed of a wave called?
A

Velocity.

“Velocity” is the term for the speed of a wave of electromagnetic energy

96
Q
  1. When radiation has great penetrating power it is called what?
A

Hard radiation.

Useful wavelengths in diagnostic dental radiography range from 0.1 to 0.5 Angstrom and are called “hard radiation” because they have sufficient penetrating power to expose dental radiographs.

97
Q
  1. Should you wait 30 seconds after making an exposure before entering the room?
A

No.

X-rays travel at the speed of light and cease to exit the tube head within a fraction of a second after releasing the exposure button.

98
Q
  1. People living on the Colorado plateau receive a higher dose of what type of radiation than people living in Philadelphia?
A

background.

Those living on the Colorado plateau receive additional background radiation due to the increased cosmic radiation at the higher altitude and enhanced terrestrial radiation from higher concentrations of radionuclides like uranium in the soil.

99
Q
  1. One gray equals how many rads?
A

100.

The gray is the unit in the SI system that is replacing the rad unit in the traditional system. They both measure absorbed dose.

100
Q

he x-ray machine component that allows an operator to position the tube head is called the:

A. Timer cord
B. Control panel
C. Dead-man switch
D. Extension arm

A

D. Extension arm

101
Q

Each of the following EXCEPT one may be located on the control panel. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. mA selector
B. kV selector
C. Focusing cup
D. Line switch

A

C. Focusing cup

102
Q

o generate a larger quantity of electron available to produce x-rays, increase the:

A. mA (milliamperage)
B. kV (kilovoltage)
C. PID (position indicating device)
D. DC (direct current)

A

A. mA (milliamperage)

103
Q

After depressing the exposure button the radiographer will hear an audible beep sound indicating that the:

A. kilovoltage has reached the peak
B. x-rays are being generated
C. cathode and anode are reversing polarity
D. alternating current have been transformed into direct current

A

B. x-rays are being generated

104
Q

Which of the following will step up or step down the current coming into an x-ray machine?

A. Radiator
B. Collimator
C. Transformer
D. Filter

A

C. Transformer

105
Q

What term described the electrical pressure (difference in potential) between two electrical charges?

A. Amperage
B. Voltage
C. Ionization
D. Incandescence

A

B. Voltage

106
Q
  1. What term best describes an x-ray bream that is composed of a variety of energy wavelengths?

A. Polychromatic
B. Short scale
C. Filtered
D. Collimated

A

A. Polychromatic

107
Q
  1. Alternating electrical current changes its direction of flow 60 times a second.

AC dental x-ray machines are ideally suited for use with exposing digital image receptors.

A. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
B. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.
C. Both statements are true.
D. Both statements are false.

A

A. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

108
Q

. A DC dental x-ray machine that is set with a 60 kV would mots likely have an x-ray output of:

A. 15kV
B. 30kV
C. 60kV
D. 90kV

A

C. 60kV

109
Q

List the three conditions that must exist for x-rays to be produced.

A
  1. An available source of free electrons
  2. High voltage to impart speed to the electrons
  3. A target that is capable of stopping/slowing the electrons
110
Q

Draw and label parts of a dental x-ray tube.

A
111
Q

he process of heating the cathode wire filament until red hot and electrons boil off is called:

A. autotransformation
B. focusing
C. thermionic emission
D. kilovoltage peak–

A

C. thermionic emission

112
Q

Which of these must be charged negatively during the time that the x-ray tube is operating to produce x-rays?

A. Radiator
B. Target
C. Anode
D. Cathode

A

D. Cathode

113
Q

What term describes the opening in the tube housing that allows the primary beam to exit?

A. Yoke
B. Port
C. Filament
D. Focusing cup

A

B. Port

114
Q

Which of the following removes the low-energy, long-wavelength energy from the beam?

A. Filter
B. Collimator
C. Transformer
D. Radiator

A

A. Filter

115
Q

hat term describes the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element?

A. Atom

B. Molecule

C. Photon

D. Isotope

A

A. Atom

116
Q

Which of these subatomic particle carries a negative electric charge?

A. Proton

B. Neutron

C. Nucleus

D. Electron

A

D. Electron

117
Q

Radiant energy sufficient to remove an electron from its orbital level of an atom is called

A. Atomic

B. Electronic

C. Ionizing

D. Ultrasonic

A

C. Ionizing

118
Q

What term describes the process by which unstable atoms undergo decay in an effort to obtain nuclear stability?

A. Absorption

B. Radioactivity

C. Radiolucent

D. Ionization

A

B. Radioactivity

119
Q

Which of the following is not a property shared by all energies of electromagnetic spectrum?

A. Have energy that is measurable and diff

B. Travel in pulsating motion at speed of sound

C. Have no electrical charge, mass, or weight.

D. Emit an electrical field at right angles to the path of travel

A

B. Travel in pulsating motion at speed of sound

120
Q

What is the distance between 2 similar points on 2 successive waves called?

A. Wavelength

B. Frequency

C. Velocity

D. Energy level

A

A. Wavelength

121
Q

Which of these electromagnetic radiations has the shortest wavelength?

A. Radar

B. Ultraviolet rays

C. Infrared rays

D. X-rays

A

D. X-rays

122
Q

Which of these forms of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?
A. visible light
B. X-rays
C. Sunlamp
D. Radio waves

A

B. X-rays

123
Q

Which of these forms of radiation is least capable of causing ionization of body tissue cells?
A. Cosmic rays
B. Gamma rays
C. X-rays
D. Infrared light

A

D. Infrared light

124
Q

Radiation produced when high-speed electrons are stopped or slowed down by the tungsten atoms of the dental x-ray tube is called

A. general/bremsstrahlung.

B. characteristic.

C. coherent

D. Compton

A

A. general/bremsstrahlung.

125
Q

X-rays generated for the purpose of making a radiographic image are described as

A. scatter radiation

B. tertiary radiation

C. primary radiation

D. secondary radiation

A

C. primary radiation

126
Q

What is the most likely result when dental x-rays interact with matter?

A. No interaction

B. Photoelectric effect

C. Coherent scattering

D. Compton scattering

A

D. Compton scattering

127
Q

Which of these terms is the unit used to measure radiation exposure?
A. angstrom (A)
B. Coulombs per kg (roentgen)
C. sievert (rem)
D. gray (rad)

A

B. Coulombs per kg (roentgen)

128
Q

The SI unit that has replaced the traditional unit rem is

A. coulomb/kilogram.

B.. gray.

C. rad.

D. sievert.

A

D. sievert.

129
Q

Diagnostic tests used in medical and dental health care that employ ionizing radiations account for what approximate percentage of the overall total exposure to the U.S. population?
A. 8 percent
B. 28 percent
C. 48 percent
D. 88 percent

A

C. 48 percent

130
Q

What is the average annual amount of background radiation to which the U.S. population is exposed?
A. 2.1 mSV
B. 3.1 mSV
C. 4.1 mSV
D. 6.1 mSV

A

B. 3.1 mSVlist three

131
Q

List three sources of background radiation

A
  1. Cosmic radiations from outer space.
  2. Terrestrial radiations from the earth and its environments, including radon gas.
  3. Background radiations from naturally ocurring radionuclides that are deposited in our bodies by inhalation and ingestion.
132
Q

The study of x-radiation

a) radiology
b) radiography
c) roentegen ray
d) Radiograph
e) x-ray

A

a) radiology

133
Q

image or picture produced by x-rays

a) radiology
b) radiography
c) roentegen ray
d) Radiograph
e) x-ray

A

d) Radiograph

134
Q

Older term given to x-radiation for its discover

a) radiology
b) radiography
c) roentegen ray
d) Radiograph
e) x-ray

A

c) roentegen ray

135
Q

Original term for roentgen applied to the invisible ray he discovered

a) radiology
b) radiography
c) roentegen ray
d) Radiograph
e) x-ray

A

e) x-ray

136
Q

The making of radiographs by exposing and processing x-ray film

a) radiology
b) radiography
c) roentegen ray
d) Radiograph
e) x-ray

A

b) radiography

137
Q

who discovered the xray

A. C. Edmund Kells

B. Howard Riley Raper

C. Franklin McCormack

D. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

A

D. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

138
Q

when were xrays discovered

A

1895

139
Q

who is believed to have exposed the prototype of the first dental xray film

A

Otto Walkhoff

140
Q

Who is considered by many to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection

A

william herbert rollins

141
Q

RUE or FALSE:Dental xray machines replaced the original pointed conewith an open cylinder PID to reduce the size of the xray beam and reduce the radiation dose to the patient

A

true statement

142
Q

who is given credit for suggesting the bisecting technique

A

cieszynski

143
Q

who is given credit for developing the paralleling technique

A

franklin mccormack

144
Q

which imaging modality does not require the use of ionizing radiation

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

145
Q

Term used to refer to the silver halide combinations present in the film emulsion.

a. Crystal
b. Density
c. Definition
d. Distortion
e. Contrast

A

a. Crystal

146
Q

Overall darkening or blackening of the radiographic image.

a. Crystal
b. Density
c. Definition
d. Distortion
e. Contrast

A

b. Density

147
Q

Sharpness and clarity of the outline of the structures in a radiographic image.

a. Crystal
b. Density
c. Definition
d. Distortion
e. Contrast

A

c. Definition

148
Q

Variation in the true size and shape of the object recorded on the radiograph.

a. Crystal
b. Density
c. Definition
d. Distortion
e. Contrast

A

d. Distortion

149
Q

The visual differences between shades ranging from black to white in adjacent areas of the radiographic film.

a. Crystal
b. Density
c. Definition
d. Distortion
e. Contrast

A

e. Contrast

150
Q

Positive electrode in the x-ray tube.

a. Anode
b. Amperage
c. Alternating current
d. Electron cloud
e. Filament

A

a. Anode

151
Q

The strength of an electric current measured in amperes.

a. Anode
b. Amperage
c. Alternating current
d. Electron cloud
e. Filament

A

b. Amperage

152
Q

The flow of electrons in one direction, and then the opposite direction.

a. Anode
b. Amperage
c. Alternating current
d. Electron cloud
e. Filament

A

c. Alternating current

153
Q

A mass of free electrons moving around the filament wire of the cathode when it is heated to incandescence.

a. Anode
b. Amperage
c. Alternating current
d. Electron cloud
e. Filament

A

d. Electron cloud

154
Q

A spiral tungsten coil in the focusing cup of the cathode of the x-ray tube.

a. Anode
b. Amperage
c. Alternating current
d. Electron cloud
e. Filament

A

e. Filament

155
Q

A unit of measurement that describes wavelengths of certain high-frequency radiation.

a. Angstrom
b. Absorption
c. Alpha particle
d. Atom
e. Soft radiation

A

a. Angstrom

156
Q

A process through which radiation imparts some or all of its energy to any material through which it passes.

a. Angstrom
b. Absorption
c. Alpha particle
d. Atom
e. Soft radiation

A

b. Absorption

157
Q

A common form of particulate (corpuscular) radiation.

a. Angstrom
b. Absorption
c. Alpha particle
d. Atom
e. Soft radiation

A

c. Alpha particle

158
Q

The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element.

a. Angstrom
b. Absorption
c. Alpha particle
d. Atom
e. Soft radiation

A

d. Atom

159
Q

Long wavelengths of x-rays.

a. Angstrom
b. Absorption
c. Alpha particle
d. Atom
e. Soft radiation

A

e. Soft radiation

160
Q

Older term used to describe the position indicating device (PID) or beam indicating device (BID).

a. Cone
b. Cone beam computed tomography
c. Sensor
d. Computer tomography
e. Dosage

A

a. Cone

161
Q

Technique based on CT scanning for obtaining enhanced two- and three-dimensional images, specifically of dental structures.

a. Cone
b. Cone beam computed tomography
c. Sensor
d. Computer tomography
e. Dosage

A

b. Cone beam computed tomography

162
Q

An electronic or coated plate that is sensitive to x-rays and replaces film for use in digital imaging.

a. Cone
b. Cone beam computed tomography
c. Sensor
d. Computer tomography
e. Dosage

A

c. Sensor

163
Q

Radiographic imaging technique that images an isolated slice of tissue while blurring out other structures.

a. Cone
b. Cone beam computed tomography
c. Sensor
d. Computer tomography (CT)
e. Dosage

A

d. Computer tomography (CT)

164
Q

Radiation absorbed in a specified area of the body measured in grays (Gy) or rads.

a. Cone
b. Cone beam computed tomography
c. Sensor
d. Computer tomography (CT)
e. Dosage

A

e. Dosage

165
Q
  1. Soft tissues and air spaces will appear _______________ on a radiograph.
A

radiolucent, black, dark

166
Q
  1. The degree of blackness on a dental radiograph is referred to as _______________.
A

density

167
Q
  1. Movement of the patient, the image receptor, or the tube head and PID results in ____________________.
A

loss of image sharpness, blur, blurriness

168
Q

. _______________ results when the image receptor is not parallel to the object.

A

Distortion

169
Q
  1. When mA or kV is increased, the exposure time needs to be _______________ in order to maintain optimal image density.
A

decreased

170
Q

In addition to seconds, exposure time may be indicated by _______________.

A

impulses

171
Q

The exposure button must be located in an area of protection or at least _______________ from the source of radiation.

A

6 feet

172
Q

A _______________ transformer decreases the voltage.

A

step-down

173
Q

High-velocity electrons are converted into 99 percent heat and 1 percent _______________.

A

x-rays

174
Q

After x-rays exit the port, a lead _______________ restricts the x-ray beam into the desired size and shape.

A

collimator

175
Q

Electron shells are also called _______________.

A

energy levels

176
Q

_______________ are bundles of energy that travel through space at the speed of light.

A

Photons

177
Q

All electromagnetic radiation travels at a speed of _______________.

A

186,000 mps or light

178
Q

Dense structures, such as bone and enamel, will appear _______________ on a radiograph.

A

radiopaque, white, light, clear

179
Q

____________________ accounts for only a very small portion of the x-rays produced in a dental x-ray machine.

A

Characteristic radiation

180
Q

Dental professionals use the term __________ because it is more descriptive and easier to pronounce than roentgenograph.

A

radiograph

181
Q

Older-style, dental x-ray machine cones have been replaced with __________.

A

PIDs (position indicating devices),

182
Q

Oral __________ is the study of x-rays and the techniques used to produce radiographs.

A

radiology

183
Q

Direct digital imaging replaces film with a __________.

A

sensor

184
Q

Early dental x-ray image receptors consisted of __________________, which were wrapped in black paper and rubber.

A

glass plates

185
Q

Dentin appears more radiopaque than enamel.

True

False

A

False

186
Q

If more light is transmitted through a film, the radiograph is said to have greater density.

True

False

A

False

187
Q

If milliamperage or the exposure time is increased, the density of the resultant radiograph will be decreased.

True

False

A

False

188
Q

Increasing kV decreases image contrast.

True

False

A

True

189
Q

Sharper images are produced with a smaller focal spot.

True

False

A

True

190
Q

A long target–object distance reduces penumbra.

True

False

A

True

191
Q

A lower contrast image results when scatter radiation is lowered.

True

False

A

True

192
Q

A short object–image receptor distance reduces image magnification.

True

False

A

True

193
Q

If the milliamperage is increased from 10 mA to 15 mA, the exposure time must also be increased to produce a radiograph of identical density.

True

False

A

False

194
Q

When increasing the kV by 15, the exposure time must be multiplied by two to produce a radiographic image of identical density.

True

False

A

False

195
Q

Milliamperage determines the amount of x-rays produced.

True

False

A

True

196
Q

The kV selector determines the penetrating ability of x-rays produced.

True

False

A

True

197
Q

There are 15 impulses in a 1/4 second exposure.

True

False

A

True

198
Q

The operator can safely reenter the room during the audible beep made by the dental x-ray machine.

True

False

A

False

199
Q

Leaving the dental x-ray machine tube head suspended for long periods of time with the extension arm stretched out can result in a drifting tube head.

True

False

A

True

200
Q

Alternating current is ideal for digital imaging.

True

False

A

False

201
Q

The source of electrons for x-ray production is supplied by the cathode.

True

False

A

True

202
Q

The larger the focal spot, the sharper the radiographic image.

True

False

A

False

203
Q

Copper is the metal used to carry the heat produced during exposure to a radiator outside of the x-ray tube.

True

False

A

True

204
Q

The target is set into the copper stem at an angle to direct most of the x-rays toward a window opening in the vacuum.

True

False

A

True

205
Q

Energy is produced whenever the state of matter is naturally or artificially altered.

True

False

A

True

206
Q

Atoms have the unique ability to retain their properties once they are split.

True

False

A

False

207
Q

Wavelength and frequency are inversely related.

True

False

A

True

208
Q

Frequency is the measure of the distance between two points on the electromagnetic spectrum.

True

False

A

False

209
Q

The longer the wavelength, the more penetrating the radiation.

True

False

A

False

210
Q

Soft x-rays are the result of long wavelengths and low frequencies.

True

False

A

True

211
Q

Less dense structures, such as the pulp chamber of the tooth, will appear dark gray or black on a radiograph.

True

False

A

True

212
Q

The Compton effect causes x-rays to be scattered in all directions.

True

False

A

True

213
Q

X-rays cause radioactivity when they pass through structures.

True

False

A

False

214
Q

Exposure to radiation does not produce a measurable dose until the radiation is absorbed in the tissues.

True

False

A

True

215
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has a Short Scale Contrast

or

Higher kVp has a Long Scale Contrast

A

Higher kVp has a Long Scale Contrast

216
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has higher energy

or

Higher kVp has lower energy

A

Higher kVp has higher energy

217
Q

The hazards of prolonged exposure to radiation are not completely understood.

True

False

A

True

218
Q

X-rays were once used for entertainment purposes at fairgrounds.

True

False

A

True

219
Q

Variable, high-kilovoltage dental x-ray machines contributed to dangerous exposure from unnecessary radiation.

True

False

A

False

220
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has Less Color

or

High kVp has More Color

A

High kVp has More Color

221
Q

Technological developments continue to improve radiation safety by increasing the size of the x-ray beam.

True

False

A

False

222
Q

The pointed cone increased the dose of radiation received by the patient

True

False

A

True

223
Q

Panoramic dental x-ray machines produce a radiograph of the entire dentition and surrounding structures.

True

False

A

True

224
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has shorter wavelengths

or

Higher kVp has Longer wavelengths

A

Higher kVp has shorter wavelengths

225
Q

Digital imaging is preferred for periodontal conditions, but dental film is required for accurate caries detection.

True

False

A

False

226
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has a higher frequency

or

Higher kVp has a lower frequency

A

Higher kVp has a higher frequency

227
Q

The paralleling method is the method of choice for exposing intraoral dental radiographs.

True

False

A

True

228
Q

The introduction of a digital sensor for dental radiography has eliminated the use of the bisecting technique.

True

False

A

False

229
Q

This or that:

Higher kVp has more shades of Gray

or

Higher kVp has Fewer shades of Gray

A

Higher kVp has more shades of Gray

230
Q

The incorporation of first transistors and computer technology has permitted significant radiation reduction in modern x-ray machines.

True

False

A

True

231
Q

This or That:

Higher kVp will have increased Density (darker film)

or

Higher kVp will have decreased Density (Lighter film)

A

Higher kVp will have increased Density (darker film)

Radiology (11 decks)

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