Exam 01 Review

Question 1

6 Levels of Structual Organization

Answer 1

1. ) Chemical level
2. ) Cellular level
3. ) Tissues level
4. ) Organ level
5. ) Organ systems level
6. ) Organism level

Question 2

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Chemical Level

Answer 2

Atoms combine to form molecules

Question 3

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Cellular Level

Answer 3

Molecules associate to form cells

Question 4

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Tissue Level

Answer 4

Groups of similar cells that have a common function come together

Question 5

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Organ Level

Answer 5

Different tissues come together

Question 6

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Organ System Level

Answer 6

Different organs work together to accomplish a common function

Question 7

6 Levels of Structual Organization - Organismal Level

Answer 7

The sum total of all structural levels working together (11 organ systems in humans)

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

A state of body equilibrium or stable environment of the body. In humans, all 11 organ systems work in unison to maintin homestasis. Deviations are met with either negative or positive feedback.

Question 9

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Answer 9

Response seeks to change the variable back to its original state, and inhibit the stimulus causing change. (i.e. Pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood sugar levels.)

Question 10

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Answer 10

Response seeks to enhance the stimulus-inducing change. (i.e. Blood clotting, platelets cling to injured site and release chemicals to attract more platelets.)

Question 11

Human body is made up of…

Answer 11

96% of human body is made up of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

Question 12

Three Types of Chemical Bonds

Answer 12

1. ) Covalent
2. ) Ionic
3. ) Hydrogen

Question 13

Covalent Bond

Answer 13

Bonds where electrons are shared between atoms. There are two types:

1. ) Non-polar covalent - electrons are equally shared between atoms
2. ) Polar covalent - electrons are unequally shared between atoms

Question 14

Ionic Bonds

Question 15

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 16

Relative Bond Strengths

Answer 16

H bond < Ionic bond < Polar covalent bond < Non-polar covalent bond

Most structures in the body have non-polar covalent bonds as their backbone.

Question 17

Compounds in the Body Fall into Two Categories

Answer 17

1. ) Inorganic compounds
2. ) Organic compounds

Question 18

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 18

No carbon chains (except CO₂ and CO).

i.e. Water, acids, bases and salts

Question 19

Organic Compounds

Answer 19

Contain carbons that are covalently bonded into chains.

i.e. Carbohydrates, lipinds, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 20

5 Things About Water

Answer 20

1. ) Most abundunt compound in the body - constitutes 70% of the volume of cells.
2. ) Known as the universal solvent and is involved in biochemical reactions occurring in the body.
3. ) Water has a high heat capacity; absorbs heat and human body uses it to buffer core body temperature.
4. ) High heat of vaporization - water evaporates from body using large amounts of heat, cools the body.
5. ) Water fills fluid compartments in body, provides cushion around body organs.

Question 21

Acids

Answer 21

Proton (H⁺) donors.

Question 22

Bases

Answer 22

Proton (H⁺) acceptors.

Question 23

Buffers

Answer 23

Regular acid-base balance by binding H⁺ when pH falls, or by releasing H⁺ when pH rises.

Question 24

Acidosis

Answer 24

(High acidity) When pH drops below 7.35.

A buffer system (H₂CO₃ and HCO₃) will correct acidosis by binding H⁺.

Question 25

Alkalosis

Answer 25

(Low acidity) When pH rises above 7.45.

A buffer system will correct alkalosis by releasing H⁺.

Question 26

Salts

Answer 26

Inorganic compounds that disassociate completely in water to yield cations and anions.

Question 27

3 General Types of Carbohydrates

Question 28

Monosaccharides

Answer 28

Sweet and soluble in water.

General formula is (CH₂O).

Two types:

1. ) Hexose - (CH₂O)6 - glucose, fructose, galactose
2. ) Pentose - (CH₂O)5 - deoxyribose, ribose

Question 29

Disaccharides

Answer 29

Sweet and soluble in water.

Composed of 2 hexose sugars.

3 types:

1. ) Maltose (“grain sugar”) - glucose + glucose
2. ) Sucrose (“table sugar”) - glucose + fructose
3. ) Lactose (“milk sugar”) - glucose + galactose

Question 30

Polysaccharides

Answer 30

NOT sweet and soluble in water.

Composed of long chains of glucose.

Storage form of glucose; known as starch in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells.

Why insoluble in water? Because cell is 70% water and if starch/glycogen is water soluble then it couldn’t be stored in cell.

Question 31

Lipids

Answer 31

Hydrophobic substances that are insoluble in water.

They are the most concentrated form of stored energy in the human cell.

Body converts glucose into lipids via lipogensis.

Question 32

4 Types of Lipids

Answer 32

1. ) Neutral fats
2. ) Phospholipids
3. ) Steroids
4. ) Eicosanoids

Question 33

Neutral Fats

Answer 33

Composed of glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains.

Triglycerides / Triacylglycerol

Most abundant for of fat in human diet.

Exists in two forms:

1. ) Saturated fats - Only single covalent bonds; solid at room temp.
2. ) Unsaturated fats - At least one double covalent bond in carbon chain; liquid at room temp. Increase Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL).

Cholesterol is a waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins.

Question 34

Phospholipids

Answer 34

Composed of glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid chains.

Question 35

Steroids

Question 36

Eicosanoids

Answer 36

Derived from Arachidonic acids.

Question 37

3 Forms of Lipoproteins

Answer 37

1. ) Very Low Density Lipoproteins (vLDL)
2. ) Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
3. ) High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 38

Very Low Density Lipoproteins

Answer 38

(vLDL)

Lipid portion is greater than protein portion.

Major lipid is triglycerides.

If you ingest a lot of triglycerides, you’ll carry a lot of vLDL.

Question 39

Low Density Lipoproteins

Answer 39

LDL

Known as “bad cholesterol”.

Lipid portion is greater than protein portion.

Major lipid is “cholesterol”.

Body makes 85% of the the cholesterol it needs; you must consume the remaining 15%.

Question 40

High Density Lipoproteins

Answer 40

HDL

Known as the “good cholesterol”.

Protein portion is greater than lipid portion.

Major lipid is cholesterol.

Unlike LDL, HDL doesn’t stay in the blood.

HDL is stable and carries bad cholesterol away from the arteries.

HDL transports cholesterol to hepatocytes (liver cells), where cholesterol is degraded and eliminated from the body.

The two forms, HDL and LDL, compete for cholesterol. When HDL goes up, LDL goes down.