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Exercise Physiology > Ex. Phys. Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ex. Phys. Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system main purposes

A

deliver O2, nutrients, hormones, etc. to tissues via the blood circulation
remove CO2, waste products, metabolic intermediates, etc. from the tissues via the blood circulation

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2
Q

cardiovascular system structures

A 
myocardium
heart chambers
heart valves
heart innervation
blood vessels
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3
Q

myocardium

A

primary muscle tissue of the heart
contains short, branched, single-nucleated cells (myocytes)
myocytes utilize gap junctions to propagate electrical signals quickly for synchronized cardiac contraction
myocytes are involuntarily and automatically controlled

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4
Q

heart chambers

A

RA
RV
LA
LV

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5
Q

RA

A

collects de-oxygenated venous blood from systemic curculation via the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle

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6
Q

RV

A

recieved de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary artery to lungs

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7
Q

LA

A

collects oxygenated blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein and pumps it into the left ventricle

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8
Q

LV

A

received oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta into systemic circulation

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9
Q

heart valves

-subsets

A 
atrioventricular (AV) valves
-tricuspid valve
-mitral (bicuspid) valve
semilunar (SL) valves
-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve
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10
Q

tricuspid

A

allows blood to flow from the RA into the RV

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11
Q

mitral

A

allows blood to flow from the LA into the LV

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12
Q

pulmonary

A

allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery (then to the lungs for reoxygenation)

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13
Q

aortic

A

allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta (then out to the systemic circulation)

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13
Q

heart innervation

A

sinoatrial node
-located in right atrium; heartbeat is initiated here via depolarization of atria
-spontaneously depolarizes at a regular rhythm, hence its nickname as the “pacemaker” of the heart
-ANS also innervates the SA node to influence node activity, and can, therefore, control HR
atrioventricular node
-located in RA
-receives action potential “wave” from SA node and delays it to give both atria time to contract before sending the signal to the bundle of His
Bundle of His
-located in between the R and L atria and ventricles
-gives rise to bundle branches in the intraventricular septum
-bundles relay action to depolarize the purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
-terminal innervations within the myocardium of the R and L ventricles
-receive action potential to depolarize and stimulate both ventricles to contract

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14
Q

blood vessels

A 
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
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15
Q

arteries

A

largest vessels for systemic blood delivery
have thick, muscular walls that can contract (due to autonomic innervation) to direct blood flow, yet are highly elastic to withstand high pressures

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16
Q

arterioles

A

smaller branch of arteries

have thin, but muscular walls that can contract to direct blood flow

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17
Q

capillaries

A

smallest vessels

thin walls permit gas exchange, but have no muscle to control blood flow

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18
Q

venules

A

smaller branch of veins

thin, compliant walls help store a lot of blood, and one-way valves to facilitate blood flow back to heart

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19
Q

veins

A

largest vessels for systemic blood return

have compliant, muscular walls and one-way valves to facilitate blood return to heart

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20
Q

cardiovascular circuits

A

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

21
Q

pulmonary circuiaton

A

the heart is connected to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and veins, which forms a pulmonary circuit

22
Q

flow of blood through pulmonary circuit

A
  • de-oxygenated blood is received by the RA via the superior and inferior vena cava
  • RA depolarizes and contracts. when the pressure exceeds 10 mmHg (during contraction), the tricuspid valve opens and allows blood to flow into the RV
  • RV depolarizes and contracts, pressure increases to 15-25 mmHg, which closes the tricuspid valve, thereby blocking blood flow back into the RA. the increase in pressure also opens the pulmonary valve, directing de-oxygenated blood flow to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
  • after passing through the lungs, oxygenated blood is received by the LA via the pulmonary veins
  • LA depolarizes and contracts. when atrial pressure exceeds 10 mmHg (during contraction) the mitral valve opens and allows blood to flow into the LV
  • LV depolarizes and contracts, pressure increases to 15-25 mm Hg, which closes the mitral valve, thereby blocking blood flow back into the LA. The increase in pressure also opens the aortic valve, directing oxygenated blood through the aorta and into the systemic circulation
  • vii. After passing through the systemic circulation (e.g. muscles, skin, etc.) the de-oxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava.
23
Q

systemic circulation

A

once blood is ejected from the heart it enters the systemic circuit whereby it is transported to other tissues in the body and eventually returns back to the heart

24
important cardiovascular parameters
``` HR SV ejection fraction (EF) cardiac output (Q) SBP DBP mean arterial pressure (MAP) total peripheral resistance (TPR) rate pressure product ```
25
HR
the number of times a heart contracts, or "beats" within a given time period (usually per minute) balance between SNS stimulation (Norepi and Epi) and PSNS stimulation (Ach) influence determines the "chronotropic" state, or pacing of HR in the absence of SNS and PSNS stimulation, the SA node will automatically depolarize the heart to establish a default HR resting: 60-100 aerobic exercise: up to 200-220 bpm resistance exercise: slightly elevated from rest
26
stroke volume (SV) - what is it - influenced by - SV = - resting - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise
the ABSOLUTE amount (mL) of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each heart beat influenced by -total blood volume -venous return SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume resting: 75 mL/beat aerobic exercise: up to 150 mL/beat resistance exercise: probably won't change much from rest
27
ejection fraction (EF) - what is it - EF = - resting - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise
the RELATIVE amount (%) of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each heart beat EF = (SV/EDV) x 100 resting: 55-60% aerobic exercise: up to 70-75% resistance exercise: probably won't change much from rest
28
cardiac output (Q) - what is it - huge determinant of... - Q = - resting - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise
``` the RATE of blood flow through the heart per minute huge determinant of blood pressure Q = HR x SV resting: 5 L/min aerobic: up to 20-25 L/min resistance: slightly elevated from rest ```
29
systolic blood pressure (SBP) - when does it happen and what happens - resting - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise
during ventricular contraction (systole) blood fills arteries and increases the pressure exerted on the arterial walls resting: 115-120 mmHg aerobic exercise: up to 200 mmHg resistance exercise: up to >300 mmHg
30
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) - when does it happen and what happens - resting - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise
during ventricular relaxation (diastole) the driving force behind blood flow is diminished, so arterial pressure falls resting: 75-80 mmHg aerobic: no change or slight decrease in DBP resistance: >250 mmHg
32
``` mean arterial pressure (MAP) -provides indication of... -MAPrest or resistance = MAPaerobic = -resting -aerobic exercise -resistance exercise ```
provides an indication of systemic perfusion pressure -the pressure required to push blood into tissues MAPrest or resistance = DBP + 0.33 (SBP-DBP) MAPaerobic = DBP + 0.50 (SBP-DBP) resting: 90-95 mmHg aerobic: increases from rest; extent is dictated by exercise intensity resistance: huge increase from rest during muscular contractions, but not during muscle relaxation
33
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - represents - important regulator - TPR= - Resting - Aerobic - Resistance
represents the total amount of pressure in the systemic circulation that "opposes" or "resists" blood flow important regulator of systemic blood flow TPR=MAP/Q resting: 18-19 mmHg•min/L aerobic: decreases from rest -extent is dictates by exercise intensity -this is good, because blood can travel to where it is needed easier resistance: huge increase from rest during muscular contractions, but not during muscle relaxation
34
Rate Pressure Product - indication of - RPP= - resting - aerobic - resistance
indication of the O2 requirements of the heart RPP= HR x SBP resting: 7200-12000 bpm•mmHg aerobic: increases from rest -extent is dictated by exercise intensity resistance: increases from rest during muscular contractions, but not during muscle relaxation
35
what regulates the cardiovascular system
``` autonomic nervous system heart systemic circulation muscle pump respiratory pump exercise pressor reflex ```
36
ANS governs heart and systemic circulation via
SNS PSNS feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
37
SNS - function - releases - release induces...
function -drives HR, SV, and blood flow during exercise releases Norepi (adrenaline) at sympathetic nerve endings (B1 heart receptors) to upregulate cardiac function -sympathetic cardiac nerve hits SA node, AV node, and some Purkinje fibers Norepi activation of a1 arterial receptors induces vaso/venoconstriction, increases BP, and speeds up blood flow -arteries/veins have smooth muscle, which can be told what to do
38
PSNS - function - releases - releases induces
``` function -"trims out" SNS activity during exercise, but typically does not override it releases Ach at parasynpathetic nerve endings (M2 heart receptors) to downregulate cardiac function Ach activation of B2 arterial receptors induces vaso/venodilation, decreases BP, and slows blood flow ```
39
feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors - feedback in response to - will elicit
feedback in response to localized metabolite accumulation and stress on vessel walls will elicit an appropriate SNS or PSNS response
40
ANS note
at rest, always a balance between SNS and PSNS activity, but during exercise and activity, SNS activity tends to predominate
41
heart - function - heart performance regulating factors
``` function -regulates MAGNITUDE of blood flow through body factors -preload -afterload -contractility ```
42
preload - represented by - what is it - -Frank-Starling Law - influenced by
represented by EDV ability to return blood to heart via venous return -Frank-Starling Law: the heart will pump the blood it receives influenced by muscle pump, respiratory pump, abdominal muscles, and degree of vaso/venoconstriction
43
afterload - represented by - what is it - influenced by
represented by TPR or MAP pressure the heart has to overcome to eject blood into systemic circulation, "arterial blood pressure" influenced by degree of vaso/venoconstriction and vessel health
44
contractility | -what is it
strength of ventricular contraction influenced by intracellular [Ca2+] preload, and ANS nervous innervation
45
systemic circulation - regulates - influence by
regulates DISTRIBUTION of blood flow through body influenced by -neural mechanisms -metabolic conditions
46
neural mechanisms
central command center sends blood when it is anticipated via SNS upregulation (feed forward system) baroreceptors monitor blood pressure (feedback system), which influences SNS or PSNS activity
47
metabolic conditions - within muscle capillaries - endothelial-derived relaxing factors
within muscle capillaries, increased H+, CO2, lactate, and adenosine buildup promote increased blood flow EDRFs -such as nitric oxide (NO) -released from vessel walls to increase local vasodilation and blood flow
48
the local vasodilation that occurs due to EDRFs...
overrides SNS command to vasoconstrict, which allows working muscles to receive the blood that they need
49
muscle pump | -what is it
muscle contraction compresses local veins | one-way valves prevent venous blood from flowing backward, so blood is pushed back toward heart
50
respiratory pump | -what is it
expansion of thoracic cavity decreases pressure of thoracic cavity, which facilitates venous blood return to heart like sucking liquid into a syringe
51
exercise pressor reflex - what is it - functions
reflexive response to muscle contraction that increases SNS activity to ensure adequate blood delivery to muscles functions -increases BP, HR, and Q -induces vasoconstriction to help redirect blood to active tissues
52
ways to influence preload
``` change body position -upright to recumbant -don't fight gravity --will lead to lower HR and higher SV hydrate well -increases blood volume ```

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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