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Microbio > Ex 1: Principles 1-2 Biology of infectious agents & oral commensals > Flashcards

Ex 1: Principles 1-2 Biology of infectious agents & oral commensals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the macroelements required for cell phys and metabolism?

A

C, O, N, H, S, P
- components of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

K, Ca, Mg, Fe
- cations and play many roles inclding cofactors for enzymes

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2
Q

What are the trace elements required for microbial phys and metabolism?

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu
- mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes

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3
Q

What are the two categories for sources of energy?

A

phototrophs - light

chemotrophs - oxidation of organic/inorganic compounds

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4
Q

What are the two categories for sources of reducting equivalents?

A

lithotrophs - reduced inorganic molecules

organotrophs - organic molecules

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5
Q

What are the two categories for sources of carbon?

A

autotrophs - CO2 main/only source

heterotrophs- reduced, preformed organic molecules

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6
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

source of energy from light

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7
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

source of energy from oxidation of organic/inorganic compounds

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8
Q

What is a lithotroph?

A

source of reducing equivalents from reduced inorganic molecules

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9
Q

What is an organotroph?

A

source of reducting equivalents from organic molecules

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10
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

source of carbon mainly/only from CO2

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11
Q

What is a hetertroph?

A

source of carbon from reduced, preformed organic molecules

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12
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy?

A

chemical energy source
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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13
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Chemolithotrophic autotrophy?

A

chemical energy source
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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14
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Photolithotrophic autotrophy?

A

light energy
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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15
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Photoorganotrophic heterotrophy?

A

light energy
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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16
Q

What type of organism are all pathogens in terms of energy, electrons, and carbon sources?

A

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy

  • chemical energy source
  • organic electron donor
    organic carbon source
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17
Q

What are the sources for nitrogen?

A
  • amino acids, ammonia, nitrate -> ammonia
  • N2
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18
Q

What are the sources of phosphate?

A

inorganic phosphate

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19
Q

What are the sources of sulfur?

A
  • sulfate
  • reduced sulfur (cysteine)
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20
Q

What are the sources of growth factors?

A
  • amino acids
  • purines and pyrimidines
  • vitamins (small organic molecules)
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21
Q

What is a strict aerobe?

A

perform aerobic respiration only
- final electron acceptor is oxygen

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22
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

A

oxygen

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23
Q

What is a strict anaerobe?

A
  • perform anaerobic respiration
    — final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule
  • perform fermentation
    — final electron acceptor is organic molecule
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24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that use anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecule

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25
What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that use fermentation?
organic molecule
26
What is a facultative anaerobe?
can perform respiration and fermentation - most medically relevant bacteria
27
What type of bacterial oxygen response is most medically relevant bacteria?
facultative anaerobes
28
What is the branch for the low aeration/stationary phase for the respiatory chain for E. coli?
cytochrome d branch
29
What is the branch for the high aeration/log phase for the respiatory chain for E. coli?
cytochrome o branch
30
What is required for both branchews of the respiratory chain of E. coli?
ubiquinone
31
What are examples of gram positive bacteria in the mouth?
Streptococcus spp Peptostreptococcus spp Actinomyces spp Lactobacillus spp
32
What gram positive bacteria in the mouth are facultative anaerobes?
Streptococcus spp Lactobacillus spp - sometimes Actinomyces spp
33
What gram positive bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes?
Peptostreptococcus spp - sometimes Actinomyces spp
34
What gram negative bacteria are in the mouth?
Veillonella spp Aggregatibacter spp Capnocytophaga spp Porphyromonas spp Prevotella spp Fusobacterium spp Spirochetes
35
What gram negative bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes?
Veillonella spp Porphyromonas spp Prevotella spp Fusobacterium spp Spirochetes
36
What gram negative bacteria in the mouth are capnophilic?
Aggregatibacter spp Capnocytophaga spp
37
What are capnophilic bacteria?
require a certain amount of both O2 and CO2
38
What is facilitated diffusion?
- move from high conc to low conc - no energy required - uses permeases as carrier proteins in the membrane - uptake is driven by intracellular use of the compound
39
What drives the uptake of compounds in facilitated diffusion?
intracellular use of that compound
40
What is group translocation?
- transported substances are chemically altered - used energy - phosphate transferred from PEP - some sugars transported this way
41
What is active transport?
- energy is used but compound is unchanged - sugars and amino acids
42
What are the two types of active transport?
- ion-driven transport system uses proton motive force by coupling to energetically unfavorable transport (amino acids) - binding protein dependent transport system uses membrane proteins to form channels and drive substances used ATP hydrolysis (sugars and amino acids)
43
How do microbes uptake iron?
use siderophores to aid the uptake by forming complexes with ferric ion and either ferrichrome or enterobactin
44
Why do microbes have to use siderophores to uptake iron?
ferric iron is very insoluble and difficult to uptake alone
45
What are nutritionally fastidiour organisms?
organisms that have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium (blood agar)
46
What are examples of nutritionally fastidious organisms?
Staphylococci Streptococci
47
What are obligate intracellular parasites?
can only grow and live inside other cells (ex: Chlamydia)
48
Growth in real world and culturing in laboratory reflects....
nutritional needs
49
Growth of microbes in the real world is..
suboptimal
50
What can stress do to bacteria?
- stress responses protects bacteria
51
Can microbes cause damage to host when not growing?
Yes - immunogenic - toxin production
52
What do some bacteria do when they stop growing?
bacteria sporulate
53
Why do microbes need to adapt?
- maximize efficiency - respond to changes
54
What are the main way to control enzyme activity?
- allosteric regulation
55
What is allosteric regulation?
- allosteric sites bind regulatory molcules that are noncovalent, reversible, and affects activity of enzyme
56
How do effector molecules act during allosteric regulation?
- change affinity or enzyme for substrate - change Vmax
57
What are the ways that microbes can control the number of enzymes (regulate enzyme synthesis)?
- attenuation - catabolic pathways (gene induction) - anabolic pathways (gene repression)
58
Which is faster... allosteric modulation or attenuation?
allosteric modulation
59
What is attenuation?
- transcription always occurs and does not continue to translation if abundant product is around Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism used in bacterial operons to ensure proper transcription and translation. In bacteria, transcription and translation are capable of proceeding simultaneously.
60
What is the catabolic pathway for transcription initiation?
- uses an inducer - has an operator region that always represses unless the inducer is present to "block" the repressor
61
What is the anabolic pathway for transcription initiation?
- pathway is on and repressor is inactive - is corepressor is present then the pathway turns off

Microbio (7 decks)

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