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Microbio > Ex 1: Principles 1-2 Biology of infectious agents & oral commensals > Flashcards

Ex 1: Principles 1-2 Biology of infectious agents & oral commensals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the macroelements required for cell phys and metabolism?

A

C, O, N, H, S, P
- components of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

K, Ca, Mg, Fe
- cations and play many roles inclding cofactors for enzymes

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2
Q

What are the trace elements required for microbial phys and metabolism?

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu
- mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes

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3
Q

What are the two categories for sources of energy?

A

phototrophs - light

chemotrophs - oxidation of organic/inorganic compounds

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4
Q

What are the two categories for sources of reducting equivalents?

A

lithotrophs - reduced inorganic molecules

organotrophs - organic molecules

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5
Q

What are the two categories for sources of carbon?

A

autotrophs - CO2 main/only source

heterotrophs- reduced, preformed organic molecules

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6
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

source of energy from light

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7
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

source of energy from oxidation of organic/inorganic compounds

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8
Q

What is a lithotroph?

A

source of reducing equivalents from reduced inorganic molecules

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9
Q

What is an organotroph?

A

source of reducting equivalents from organic molecules

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10
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

source of carbon mainly/only from CO2

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11
Q

What is a hetertroph?

A

source of carbon from reduced, preformed organic molecules

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12
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy?

A

chemical energy source
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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13
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Chemolithotrophic autotrophy?

A

chemical energy source
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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14
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Photolithotrophic autotrophy?

A

light energy
inorganic electron donor
CO2 carbon source

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15
Q

What are the energy, electron, and carbon sources for Photoorganotrophic heterotrophy?

A

light energy
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

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16
Q

What type of organism are all pathogens in terms of energy, electrons, and carbon sources?

A

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy

  • chemical energy source
  • organic electron donor
    organic carbon source
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17
Q

What are the sources for nitrogen?

A
  • amino acids, ammonia, nitrate -> ammonia
  • N2
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18
Q

What are the sources of phosphate?

A

inorganic phosphate

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19
Q

What are the sources of sulfur?

A
  • sulfate
  • reduced sulfur (cysteine)
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20
Q

What are the sources of growth factors?

A
  • amino acids
  • purines and pyrimidines
  • vitamins (small organic molecules)
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21
Q

What is a strict aerobe?

A

perform aerobic respiration only
- final electron acceptor is oxygen

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22
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

A

oxygen

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23
Q

What is a strict anaerobe?

A
  • perform anaerobic respiration
    — final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule
  • perform fermentation
    — final electron acceptor is organic molecule
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24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that use anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecule

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25
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that use fermentation?

A

organic molecule

26
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

can perform respiration and fermentation
- most medically relevant bacteria

27
Q

What type of bacterial oxygen response is most medically relevant bacteria?

A

facultative anaerobes

28
Q

What is the branch for the low aeration/stationary phase for the respiatory chain for E. coli?

A

cytochrome d branch

29
Q

What is the branch for the high aeration/log phase for the respiatory chain for E. coli?

A

cytochrome o branch

30
Q

What is required for both branchews of the respiratory chain of E. coli?

A

ubiquinone

31
Q

What are examples of gram positive bacteria in the mouth?

A

Streptococcus spp
Peptostreptococcus spp
Actinomyces spp
Lactobacillus spp

32
Q

What gram positive bacteria in the mouth are facultative anaerobes?

A

Streptococcus spp
Lactobacillus spp

  • sometimes Actinomyces spp
33
Q

What gram positive bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes?

A

Peptostreptococcus spp
- sometimes Actinomyces spp

34
Q

What gram negative bacteria are in the mouth?

A

Veillonella spp
Aggregatibacter spp
Capnocytophaga spp
Porphyromonas spp
Prevotella spp
Fusobacterium spp
Spirochetes

35
Q

What gram negative bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes?

A

Veillonella spp
Porphyromonas spp
Prevotella spp
Fusobacterium spp
Spirochetes

36
Q

What gram negative bacteria in the mouth are capnophilic?

A

Aggregatibacter spp
Capnocytophaga spp

37
Q

What are capnophilic bacteria?

A

require a certain amount of both O2 and CO2

38
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • move from high conc to low conc
  • no energy required
  • uses permeases as carrier proteins in the membrane
  • uptake is driven by intracellular use of the compound
39
Q

What drives the uptake of compounds in facilitated diffusion?

A

intracellular use of that compound

40
Q

What is group translocation?

A
  • transported substances are chemically altered
  • used energy
  • phosphate transferred from PEP
  • some sugars transported this way
41
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • energy is used but compound is unchanged
  • sugars and amino acids
42
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A
  • ion-driven transport system uses proton motive force by coupling to energetically unfavorable transport (amino acids)
  • binding protein dependent transport system uses membrane proteins to form channels and drive substances used ATP hydrolysis (sugars and amino acids)
43
Q

How do microbes uptake iron?

A

use siderophores to aid the uptake by forming complexes with ferric ion and either ferrichrome or enterobactin

44
Q

Why do microbes have to use siderophores to uptake iron?

A

ferric iron is very insoluble and difficult to uptake alone

45
Q

What are nutritionally fastidiour organisms?

A

organisms that have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium (blood agar)

46
Q

What are examples of nutritionally fastidious organisms?

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci

47
Q

What are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

can only grow and live inside other cells (ex: Chlamydia)

48
Q

Growth in real world and culturing in laboratory reflects….

A

nutritional needs

49
Q

Growth of microbes in the real world is..

A

suboptimal

50
Q

What can stress do to bacteria?

A
  • stress responses protects bacteria
51
Q

Can microbes cause damage to host when not growing?

A

Yes
- immunogenic
- toxin production

52
Q

What do some bacteria do when they stop growing?

A

bacteria sporulate

53
Q

Why do microbes need to adapt?

A
  • maximize efficiency
  • respond to changes
54
Q

What are the main way to control enzyme activity?

A
  • allosteric regulation
55
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A
  • allosteric sites bind regulatory molcules that are noncovalent, reversible, and affects activity of enzyme
56
Q

How do effector molecules act during allosteric regulation?

A
  • change affinity or enzyme for substrate
  • change Vmax
57
Q

What are the ways that microbes can control the number of enzymes (regulate enzyme synthesis)?

A
  • attenuation
  • catabolic pathways (gene induction)
  • anabolic pathways (gene repression)
58
Q

Which is faster… allosteric modulation or attenuation?

A

allosteric modulation

59
Q

What is attenuation?

A
  • transcription always occurs and does not continue to translation if abundant product is around

Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism used in bacterial operons to ensure proper transcription and translation. In bacteria, transcription and translation are capable of proceeding simultaneously.

60
Q

What is the catabolic pathway for transcription initiation?

A
  • uses an inducer
  • has an operator region that always represses unless the inducer is present to “block” the repressor
61
Q

What is the anabolic pathway for transcription initiation?

A
  • pathway is on and repressor is inactive
  • is corepressor is present then the pathway turns off

Microbio (7 decks)

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