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Microbio > Ex 1: Immunology 2 Innate immunity > Flashcards

Ex 1: Immunology 2 Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What allows for some specificity for the innate immune system?

A
  • structures shared by classes of microbes (PAMPs)
  • damaged cells (DAMPs)
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2
Q

What allows for specificty for the adaptive immune system?

A

structural detail of microbial molecules (antigens)

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3
Q

Where are the receptors encoded for the innate immune system?

A

encoded in germline (limited diversity)

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4
Q

Where are the receptors encoded for the adaptive immune system?

A

encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments (greater diversity)

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5
Q

What are the two principle types of reaction of the innate immune system?

A
  • stimulate acute inflammation
  • anti-viral defenses
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6
Q

What is the stimulation of acute inflammation response?

A

the accumulation of leukocytes, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood at an extravascular tissue site of infection or injury

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7
Q

What are anti-viral defenses mediated by?

A
  • NK cell-mediated killing of virus-infected cells.
  • Interferon α/β (Type I interferons), which aresecreted by virus-infected cells, bind to receptors on surrounding cells, and induce an anti-viral state in those cells.
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8
Q

What are the prominent cell-associated pattern recognition receptors in the innate immunity?

A

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
NOD-like Receptors (NLRs)
RIG-like Receptors (RLRs)

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9
Q

Where are the prominent cell-associated pattern recognition receptors in the innate immunity located in the cell?

A

extracellular
endosomal
cytosolic

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10
Q

What is the function of the toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A
  • acute inflammation
  • stimulation of adaptive immunity
  • antiviral state
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11
Q

What is the process of signaling through the toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A
  • reruitment of adaptor proteins
  • activation of transcription factors
  • increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules and production of type 1 interferon
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12
Q

What do nod-like receptors (NLRs) do?

A

recognize PAMPs and DAMPs in the cytoplasm and recruit other proteins to form signaling complexes (such as inflammasomes) that promote inflammation

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13
Q

What do RIG-like receptors (RLRs) do?

A

RLRs are cytosolic sensors of viral RNA that respond to viral nucleic acids by inducing production of the antiviral type I interferons

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14
Q

What are the parts of the epithelial barriers in the innate immune response?

A
  • physical barrier to infection
  • locally produced antibiotics
  • intraepithelial lymphocytes
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15
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes/macrophages
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16
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • Circulating phagocytic cells; Most abundant leukocytes blood.
  • First cell type to respond to most infections
  • Live only a few hours in tissues
17
Q

What are monocytes/macrophages?

A
  • Secrete cytokines that induce inflammation, and ingest and destroy microbes.
  • Survive for long time periods in
    tissues
  • Blood monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages after entering tissues.
18
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • Secrete cytokines
  • Present antigenic peptides to T cells
19
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • Abundant cytoplasmic granules.
  • Present in skin and mucosal epithelium.
  • contain vasoactive amines (e.g. histamine).
  • cause vasodilation and capillary permeability
20
Q

What cell type contains vasoactive animes and causes vasodilation and capillaqry permeability?

A

mast cells

21
Q

What are innate lymphoid cells?

A

lymphocyte-like cells
- produce cytokines but lack T cells antigen receptors (TCRs)

22
Q

What is the complement systems function?

A

Induce inflammation, opsonize microbes enhancing their phagocytosis, cause osmotic lysis of microbes

23
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement system?

A
  • classical pathway
  • alternative pathway
  • lectin pathway
24
Q

What are the early/late steps of the complement system that all pathways have in common?

A

C3a: inflammation
C3b: opsonization and phagocytosis
C5a: inflammation
C6-9: lysis of microbe

25
Q

What is the classical pathway?

A

uses antibodies and C2 and C4

26
Q

What is the alternative pathway?

A

uses microbes and B and C3

27
Q

What is the lectin pathway?

A

uses mannose binding lectin

28
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

Delivery of neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, complement proteins, antibodies, and acute-phase reactants to the site of inflammation is due to reversible changes in blood vessels in the infected or damaged tissue

29
Q

What are the reversible changes in the inflammatory response?

A

– increased blood flow into tissue due to arteriolar dilation
– increased adhesiveness of circulating leukocytes to the endothelial lining of venules
– increased permeability of capillaries and venules to plasma proteins and fluid

30
Q

What induces the reversible changes in the inflammatory response?

A

changes are induced by cytokines and small molecule mediator initially derived from sentinel cells (resident phagocytic cells) in the tissue, as well as endothelial cells, in response to stimulation of PAMPs or DAMPs

31
Q

What are the sequences of events in migration of blood leukocytes to sites of infection?

A
  • rolling
  • integrin activation by chemokines
  • stable adhesion
  • migration through endothelium
32
Q

What do natural kill (NK) cells do?

A
  • Kill virus-infected cells
  • Secrete interferon γ which activates macrophages
33
Q

What prevents natural killer cells from non activating?

A

self calss I MHC receptors

34
Q

What do IFN a/B (type 1 interferons) do?

A
  • Secreted by virus infected cells, induce anti-viral state in surrounding cells.
35
Q

Extracellular bacteria and fungi are combated mainly by an ______ inflammatory response

A

acute
- mostly neurophils and monocytes and complement system

36
Q

Intracellular bacteria are eliminated whenthe microbial killing functions of phagocytes are activated by…

A

Toll-like receptors and other sensors, as well as by cytokines

37
Q

Defense against viruses is provided by…

A

type I interferons (interferons α and β) and natural killer (NK) cells

Microbio (7 decks)

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