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bio 1M03 > evolutionary processes > Flashcards

evolutionary processes Flashcards

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1
Q

where does heritable variation in traits come from?

A
  • some genetics
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2
Q

what are basic traits determined by?

A

genes

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3
Q

what is the location where a gene can occur called?

A

locus (plural: locai)

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4
Q

what is a particular version of a gene called?

A

allele

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5
Q

how many allele’s does a complex organism usually have at each locus?

A
  • 2 (they can be the same or different)
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6
Q

different alleles at a locus

A

heterozygous

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7
Q

same alleles at a locus

A

homozygous

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8
Q

genotype

A

collection of an individual’s genes

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9
Q

phenotype

A

collection of an individual’s physiological and physical traits

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10
Q

what does it mean for a population to be in hardy weinberg equilibrium?

A

this is when a population’s genotype and phenotype frequencies stay constant from generation to generation (no evolution is occurring)

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11
Q

what is needed for a population to be in HWE?

A
  • large population size
  • no immigraton/emigration
  • no mutation
  • no natural selection
  • random mating
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12
Q

why is HWE called a null model?

A
  • it tells us what to expect if complicating effects are ABSENT
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13
Q

what are the types of natural selection?

A
  • stabilizing
  • directional
  • disruptive
  • balancing
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14
Q

directional and multidirectional selection?

A
  • tends to move the population in a certain direction
  • multidirectional selection is directional selection that can change through time based on the environment
  • it favours one extreme trait over another extreme
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15
Q

stabilizing selection?

A
  • tends to keep the population where it is

- favours intermediate trait over extreme trait

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16
Q

what is the connection between directional and stabilizing selection?

A
  • directional selection can lead towards stabilizing selection
  • a lot of traits that we see was a result of directional selection leading towards stabilizing selection
17
Q

disruptive selection

A
  • favours the extreme trait over the intermediate trait

- can lead to speciation as genetic variance increases

18
Q

balancing selection

A
  • when there is no “best” allele so allele diversity is maintained
19
Q

what is heterozygote advantage

A
  • when heterozygous have a higher fitness
20
Q

what is frequency dependance

A

when rare types have a higher fitness

21
Q

genetic drift

A
  • change in allele frequency due to random sampling when a population is small
  • reduces genetic variation
22
Q

founder effect

A
  • a special case of the bottleneck effect

- occurs when a small group in the population breaks off and forms a new population

23
Q

bottleneck effect

A
  • population becomes significantly smaller over a period of time due to some random environmental effect
  • it can then become big again after
24
Q

gene flow

A
  • allele movement from one population to another

- it’s against speciation as it keeps populations similar

25
Q

mutations

A
  • heritable errors in DNA copying
  • they cause changes in the DNA pool by creating new alleles
  • it provides the variation needed for natural selection
26
Q

types of mutation

A
  • single DNA base change
  • DNA chunks added/subtracted
  • whole genes/ chromosomes are added/subtracted
27
Q

where can new genetic sequences come from?

A

copying errors and lateral gene transfers

28
Q

does sex change allele frequencies?

A
  • not directly
  • it does bring alleles together and apart
  • its the source of new combinations
29
Q

what are the types of mating patterns

A
  • inbreeding

- sexual selection

30
Q

inbreeding

A
  • the mating between close individuals

- they differ from the HWE because they have similar alleles so there would be more homozygous loci

31
Q

what is inbreeding depression

A
  • when inbred individuals have lower fitness
  • likely more homozygous for rare genetic defects
  • likely more heterozygous for immune system genes
32
Q

sexual selection

A
  • a form of natural selection

- when there is heritable variation in traits related to success in obtaining mates

33
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

trait differences between males and females

bio 1M03 (5 decks)

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