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General Biology I > Evolutionary History of Animals > Flashcards

Evolutionary History of Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Chemosynthesis (Abiogenesis)

A

Abiotic production of organic molecules
Abiotic production of polymers
Abiotic formation of membranes
Self-replication

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

Two organisms evolve to living in close association with one another

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3
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiosis with one partner living in the other

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4
Q

Phototrophs

A

Create O_2 and also use it

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5
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Mostly bacteria and archaea

Use movement of electrons to power formation of organic molecules

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6
Q

Plants

A

Photosynthetic autotrophs
Existence on land allowed expansion of biosphere
3 organs: roots (anchor the plant and allow for nutrient exchange), stems (support the plant and conduct nutrients) and leaves (produce food via photosynthesis)

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7
Q

Invertebrates

A 
Symmetry: none, radial and bilateral
Cephalization
Orientation (dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior and lateral/medial)
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8
Q

Phylum Porifera

A 
Porous
Sponges
Asymmetrical
No tissue or organs
Sessile (not mobile)
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9
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A 
Radial Symmetry
Jellyfish, anemones…
Carnivorous
Some nerves and muscles
Mobile
Live in aquatic environments
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10
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes…
Simplest brains
Some organs, muscles, nervous tissue…
Live in aquatic environments

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11
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Roundworms
No appendages or segments
Have a cavity that acts like an early circulatory system

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12
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Snails, slugs, octopi, oysters…
No segments nor appendages
Some have shells

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13
Q

Phylum Annelida

A 
Segmentation allows for specialization of tissue
Earthworms, sandworms, leaches…
Non-jointed appendages
Multi-organ digestive system
Circulatory system
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14
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Jointed appendages allow for walking, defence, feeding, sensing…
Protein and chitin exoskeleton for protection
Segments allow for specialization: eyes, olfactory receptors, tactile receptors, open circulatory system with a heart, gas exchange breathing system…
Most successful phylum: size, diversity, distribution…

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15
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Pentamorous radial symmetry in adults
Larvae are bilateral symmetry (and segmented)
Adults are generally sessile
Hard, spiny exterior

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16
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Segmented, appendages, cephalized…
Notochord (flexible, structural cord that exists in all chordate embryos)
Dorsal hollow nerve cord (spinal cord)
Pharyngeal slits (to allow water entry as needed for closed digestive systems)
Muscular postnatal tail (tail that goes beyond anus with muscular/skeletal elements; allows for movement)

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17
Q

Subphylums

A

There are 3 subphylum of chordata
Cephalochordates (lancelets) are invertebrates, filter-feed and are weak swimmers
Urochordates (tunicates) are invertebrates, filter-feed and adults are sessile
Vertebrates have a spinal column (replacing the notochord) that surrounds and protects the dorsal nerve cord, and they are craniates (have a head)

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18
Q

Subphylum Vertebrates

A

Cephalization and craniation (which allows for a larger brain development)
Eye development
Mouth (and typically mandibles or jaws), which allows eating through hard surfaces
Internal mineralized skeleton
Sometimes called “craniates”

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19
Q

Classes

A

In phylum chordata, they are Myxini and petromyzontida, placodermi, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, actinista, dipnoi, amphibia, reptilia, mammalia

20
Q

Classes Myxini and Petromyzontida

A

Myxini are Hagfish and Petromyzontida are lampreys
Are jawless
Have unpaired limbs
Have no vertebrae (lampreys have an early form of vertebrae)
Have skeleton and cranium (all cartilage)

21
Q

Class Placodermi

A 
An extinct class of armoured fish
Are thought to be the first jawed fish
Are in the superclass “Gnathostomes,” in contrast to Myxini, which are in “Agnasta” (or “agnathostomes”)
22
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays)
Have jaws and full cartilaginous skeleton
Have paired fins
Sharks give live birth (but fetus depends on egg and not on mother during growth), do internal fertilization and have a sense of smell

23
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

Fish
Breathe by drawing in air through gills and storing it (which also controls buoyancy)
Have bony scales
Have a two-chambered heart that send low O_2 blood to gill slits
Can regulate salt balance (through osmosis)
Do external fertilization

24
Q

Classes Actinista and Dipnoi

A

Actinista includes Coelocanth (fish with lobed limbs that can walk underwater)
Dipnoi includes lungfish which also have limbs and use the air (take in air and can store it

25
Class Amphibia
Lead double lives Larvae are underwater and eat algae Adults have limbs, lungs, and ears but must keep their skin moist and reproduce in the water
26
Class Reptilia
Live on land, sometimes in dry environments Skin is dry and scaly (keratin makes it impermeable) Allow their offspring to develop on land after internal fertilization More mobile on land Amniotic eggs
27
Amniotic Egg
Amnion → membrane surrounding embryo which provides hydration and shock-protection Yolk sac → sac that provides nutrients into which blood vessels grow Allantois → sac that stores waste (nitrogen) Chorion → membrane to filter out CO_2 and enable entry of O_2 Shell → hard and protective, it prevents loss of water but allows gas exchange
28
Birds
Bipedal (walk on two legs) Adapted for flight Skeleton is light and hollow, but strong No teeth (too heavy), neck and backbone fused Feathers are flexible (have different functions) and have evolved from scales Eggs are incubated by parents (unlike most reptiles) Organ adaptations → food is digested whole, broken down in gizzard (with rocks) and waste is quickly released and lungs facilitate gas exchange
29
Class Mammalia
Hair (to stay warm) Mammary glands (mother can feed infant without needing food) Four-chambered heart Endothermic (can hunt at night, can survive in various temperatures but need more food) Heterodonts (incisors, canines and molars)
30
Order Monotremata
Monotremes Still laying eggs and hatching them like birds Secrete milk onto their hair (platypuses have no nipples) Show traits of birds and reptiles
31
Placentals
Many mammals, including humans, for example, order primates, order carnivora, order catartiodactylia (hooves animals), order rodentia (rodents), order chiroptera (bats)
32
Evolution
Change in the gene pool from generation to generation due to natural selection, mutation and genetic drift
33
Natural Selection
Species are easily capable of overpopulation (and intraspecies competition) The better characteristics will have greater odds of survival and reproduction to pass on their traits Causes an increase inheritance of favourable traits (alleles) Species adapt to local conditions over generations
34
Fossils
They provide details on past species (including those that are extinct) Fossils are very incomplete (only for hard tissue, for select organisms that did not get eaten or scavenged and environment was also a factor, in that fossilization conditions are needed)
35
Fossils and Radiometry
Radiometric data (decay of radioisotopes) can inform us of age
36
Continental Drift
Continents drifted apart from Pangea | Similarities in species and distribution are consistent with this
37
Biogeography
Describes distribution of living organisms within a certain geography
38
Anatomy and Physiology
Use physical properties to relate organisms Not all physical similarities are useful Homology → similarity that results from shared ancestry (bird eggs and snake eggs) Analogy → similarity from convergent evolution (bird wing and bat wing) Species is the unit of evolution
39
Speciation
Process to form new and distinct life forms
40
Divergence
When a common ancestor differentiates
41
Convergence
When a similar trait is developed independently by more than one organism (analogy)
42
Vestigial Structure
When an organ or structure is no longer used (or no longer used for its primary purpose) Debated term For example, our appendix, coccyx, wings on flightless birds, hind limb in whales
43
Genetics and Inheritance
Can look at genetic sequences of a species Can compare sequences (for nucleic acids or proteins) Genetic differences are related to divergence Molecular evolution can be used to construct phylogenetic trees
44
Macroevolution
Large-scale variation that exists because of microevolution, such as between phyla, classes, orders, etc. (For example, becoming terrestrial or acquiring feathers)
45
Microevolution
Mutation in alleles (many small changes lead to differences between species)

General Biology I (8 decks)

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