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General Biology I > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid (a lipid)
Increases fluidity of a cell membrane at room temperature
Decreases fluidity of a cell membrane at high temperatures (at 37°C, for example)
Provides balance

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2
Q

Functions of Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Transport (with ATP)
Enzymatic activity (enzymes)
Signal transduction (from a signaling molecule using a receptor)
Cell-cell recognition (with glycoproteins)
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix (E.C.M.)

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3
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Sugar (carbohydrates) + protein in a cell membrane

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4
Q

Glycolipids

A

Sugar (carbohydrates) + lipid in a cell membrane

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5
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

A clustering of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol in a cell membrane

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6
Q

Selective Barrier

A

Cell membrane regulates what goes in and comes out (ions, macromolecules, water, etc.)
Various means of transport to get across membrane

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7
Q

ATP

A

Energy used by cells

Produced through respiration (in addition to heat)

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8
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicle transport that enters the cell

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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicle transport that exits the cell

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10
Q

Cell Wall

A

Can provide protection

Provides structural stability and support

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11
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics

A

Capsule
Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (protects against osmosis and infections)
Nucleoid (which has no membrane) containing a large circular chromosome and proteins
Plasmids, which are independent, smaller circular extra chromosomal DNA (non-essential genes) transferred through an arm-like pilus
Pili and flagellum used for motility
Reproduce asexually
Might or might not be aerobic (need O_2)
Are smaller than Eukaryotic cells, which helps them with diffusion

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12
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics

A 
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endomembrane system: E.R. (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole
Perixosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
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13
Q

Organelles

A

Usually membrane-bound
Have specific functions
“Float” in the semi-fluid cytosol

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol + organelles

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic information (DNA) as chromosomes (the latter which form chromatin)
Surrounded by nuclear envelope, a double bilayer connected to the endomembrane system through which there is nuclear pore (proteins) to allow for trafficking
Nucleolus is an area of RNA (rRNA) production in the nucleus

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16
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Connects multiple organelles (including nucleus)
Endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.): rough E.R. and smooth E.R.
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole and Vesicles

17
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough E.R.)

A

Has ribosomes associated to it and specializes in producing proteins (especially membrane-bound)

18
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth E.R.

A

Focuses on lipid synthesis

19
Q

Ribosome

A

Only organelle that is not membrane-bound
Consists of RNA + proteins
Around 2.7 MDa (one hundred times bigger than a typical protein)
Produces proteins
Found floating in the cytosol or bound to membranes (Rough E.R.)

20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts proteins and lipids, modifies them (such as glycoproteins), and sends them to targets (internal or external)

21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Have a pH of around 5 and contain digestive enzymes that can degrade various biomolecules (lipases, nucleases, proteases, carbohydrases) in a cell
Proton pumps help maintain an acidic pH
Transporters allow broken-down molecules to be transported out of the lysosome

22
Q

Vacuoles

A

Involved in the entry / exit of particles, including food and water
Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compound and water
Food vacuoles are formed by endocytosis
Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

23
Q

Vesicles

A

Involved in the entry / exit of particles, including food and water

24
Q

Peroxisome

A

Involved in degrading alcohol and long fatty-acids

Produces hydrogen peroxide while doing so, and is specifically designed for eliminating this toxic compound

25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy producing centre
Responsible for respiration and producing ATP from glucose in almost all eukaryotes
Abundance correlates to oxygen usage and energy-requirements of a cell
Double-bilayer that contains many proteins and encloses a liquid area filled with enzymes
Contains some ribosomes and circular DNA

26
Q

Chloroplast

A

Energy production centre
Responsible for photosynthesis and converting CO_2 into glucose
Exists in plants and protists (algae)
Double-bilayer enclose a liquid area filled with enzymes and thylakoids (sacs of chlorophyll)
Contains some circular DNA

27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural framework for cells and movement system

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

28
Q

Microtubules

A 
Large, hollow tubes of tubulin
Radiate out from centrosome to provide structure
Form centrioles in cell division
Use cilia and flagella for cell movement
Serve as highways for vesicular movement
29
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubules form spindles that originate from the centrosome

30
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest cytoskeleton element
Twisted helix of long chains of actin
Present in microvilli (parts of some cells that have folds)
Regulators of cell movement
Also involved in vesicular transport (links microtubules together)
Involved in muscle contraction

31
Q

Dynamic Instability

A

Microfilaments and microtubules can grow and shorten themselves

32
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Myosin binds, unbinds and rebinds (walking) along actin polymers
ATP is used to cause conformational changes needed for this walking
Kinesin does the same along microtubules
Dynein goes in the opposite direction of kinesin, always along microtubules
Dynein, kinesin and myosin are motor proteins, and the latter two move from the negative to the positive direction

33
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Intermediate in size
Less often disassemble
Form sturdy, cable-like structures
Help maintain structure (for example, in the nucleus)
Large variety of proteins used among different cells
Can link multiple cells

34
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Occurs when a flow is created, such as by motor proteins

This flow can actually assist in moving vesicles, organelles, and other particles

35
Q

Animal Extracellular Matrix (Animal E.C.M.)

A

A gel-like area filled with proteins and carbohydrates, which come from exocytosis
Provides support and motility
Contains collagen (strong, helical protein present in important quantities), elastin (looser chain of protein in skin, lungs and gut), proteoglycans (mostly sugar that capture and retain water, making them hydrophilic) and integrins (integral cell proteins that anchor to E.C.M.)

36
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cadherin-cadherin interactions at a specific point between two cells

37
Q

Tight Junction

A

Seals two cells together so that the only way for substances to pass between the two cells is through them (unlike desmosomes)
Tight junctions are not anchored to the cytoskeleton

38
Q

Gap Junction

A

Integral protein channels that attach between two cells, allowing material to flow from the cytosol of one cell to another

39
Q

Cell Wall

A

Primary cell wall is mostly cellulose and is thin and flexible
Secondary cell wall is much thicker, also mostly cellulose, with some lignin, which makes cell wall water resistant
As cell grows, cell wall must be enlarged extracellularly
Middle lamella is the gap between the primary cell walls of two cells
Plasmodesmata are similar to gap junctions (but in plants)

General Biology I (8 decks)

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