Biological Themes

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

The science of how life works

Question 2

Variance

Answer 2

Numerical measurement of variability
Mathematical formula that involves comparing individual samples to the mean
Variance of all samples (σ^2) = (Σ(x_i − x)^2) ÷ N
Variance of a subset (s^2) = (Σ(x_i − x)^2) ÷ (n − 1)

Question 3

7 traits of a living thing

Answer 3

1) Order
2) Reproduction
3) Growth and development
4) Energy processing
5) Response to the environment
6) Homeostasis and regulation
7) Evolutionary adaptation

Question 4

Respiration

Answer 4

C_6H_(12)O_6 + 6O_2 → 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + energy

Question 5

Photosynthesis

Answer 5

6CO_2 + 6H_2O + energy (sunlight) → C_6H_(12)O_6 + 6O_2

Question 6

Organization of Living Things

Answer 6

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere

Question 7

Atom

Answer 7

Smallest unit of matter that has distinct properties

Question 8

Molecule

Answer 8

Bonded group of atoms

Question 9

Organelle

Answer 9

A defined structure that performs a specific function

Question 10

Cell

Answer 10

Simplest complete unit of structure and function
It can store and transmit information
It has a plasma membrane
It can harness energy from the environment

Question 11

Tissue

Answer 11

Group of cells with similar structure and function

Question 12

Organ

Answer 12

Group of tissues that perform a similar function

Question 13

System

Answer 13

Group of organs that perform an overall function

Question 14

Organism

Answer 14

Total living creature composed of many systems

Question 15

Population

Answer 15

Localized group of organisms of the same species

Question 16

Community

Answer 16

Populations of species living in the same area

Question 17

Ecosystem

Answer 17

The collection of community interactions that include abiotic factors such as soil, temperature and water

Question 18

Biome

Answer 18

Large scale communities classified by predominant vegetation type and distinctive combinations of plants and animals

Question 19

Biosphere

Answer 19

The sum of all a planet’s ecosystems

Question 20

Prokaryotes

Answer 20

No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Small (0.1-10μm)
Single-celled

Question 21

Eukaryotes

Answer 21

Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Larger (10-100μm)
Include all multi-celled organisms (and also some single-celled organisms)

Question 22

Domains

Answer 22

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 23

Bacteria

Answer 23

Most ancient organisms on Earth
We have 100000000000000 in our body
Have peptidoglycan cell walls
Have spherical (cocci), rode (bacillus) or spiral/curved (spirillum) shapes

Question 24

Archaea

Answer 24

Methanogens → High methane
Halophiles → Highly salty conditions
Thermophiles → Extreme temperatures
Acidophiles → Low pH

Question 25

Kingdoms

Answer 25

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

——————————————————————

Protista - Protists

Question 26

Plantae

Answer 26

Autotrophs (photosynthetic ones)
Always multicellular
Cellulose cell walls
Cannot move on their own

Question 27

Fungi

Answer 27

Absorb their food (heterotrophs) by secreting extracellular enzymes into the environment to break it down
Mostly multicellular (ex: mushrooms & molds) but some are unicellular (called “yeasts”)
Reproduce by releasing spores
Have chitin cell walls
Decomposers
Decompose dead organic matter
More similar to animals than plants

Question 28

Animalia

Answer 28

Mobile
Heterotrophs that ingest
Always multicellular
Never have cell walls

Question 29

Protists

Answer 29

Colonial or primitive multicellular
Mix-bag, 3 main types:
- Plant-like (algae), photosynthetic, cellulose cell wall, responsible for 50% of all photosynthesis
- Animal-like (paramecium & amoeba), can move around, no cell wall, some are parasitic, and are nicknamed “Protozoans” (1^st animals)
- Fungi-like (slime molds), absorb food, and may have chitin cell wall

Question 30

Taxonomy

Answer 30

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 31

Evolution

Answer 31

Change over time