evolutionary explanations of aggression

Question 1

What is the evolutionary explanation of behaviours based on?

Answer 1

It’s based on natural selection—behaviours that enhance survival and reproduction are passed down.

Question 2

Why does sexual jealousy occur in males, according to evolutionary theory?

Answer 2

Due to paternity uncertainty—males can’t be sure if they’re the biological father, risking cuckoldry and wasting resources.

Question 3

How is sexual jealousy adaptive in evolutionary terms?

Answer 3

A: It promotes anti-cuckoldry behaviours, increasing reproductive success by ensuring paternity.

Question 4

What are two mate retention strategies identified by Wilson & Daly?

Answer 4

Direct guarding – Monitoring partner’s behavior (e.g. checking phone, tracking location).

Negative inducements – Threats of consequences for infidelity (e.g. emotional manipulation or threats of self-harm).

Question 5

What did Wilson’s research reveal about mate retention and violence?

Answer 5

Women who reported high mate retention from partners were twice as likely to have experienced physical violence; 73% needed medical attention, 53% feared for their lives.

Question 6

How does evolutionary theory explain bullying?

Answer 6

Bullying may have evolved as a strategy to gain power, improve status, and increase reproductive success.

Question 7

Why might bullying behavior be evolutionarily advantageous in males?

Answer 7

It signals dominance, strength, and access to resources—traits attractive to females, leading to greater reproductive success (Volk et al.).

Question 8

How does female bullying differ in its evolutionary function?

Answer 8

Often used to control a partner’s fidelity and ensure continued resource provision for offspring.