Evolution | Vocab Flashcards
Evolution
Changes in the genetic composition of a popoulation during successive generations
“Descent with Modification”
Artistotle
Believed in the Scala Naturae + that non living things and living things were “fixed”, and did not change over time
Scala Naturae
Ladder like classifcation of nature from humans (top) to animals. Also included inorganic matter
Georges Curvier
Believed in the Theory of Catastrophism & was the founder of Comparative Morphology/Paleontology
Theory of Catastraphism
The theory that Earth has been largely shaped by short lived, violent events. After each catastrophe, God created more creations
Jean Baptise Lamarck
Proposed the theories of Use and Disuse + Inhertiance of Acquired Traits
Charles Darwin
Observed that plants and animals adapt to their own enviroments
Natural Selection
A process of how organisms better adapted to their enviroment tend to survive and reproduce more offspring
Natural Variation
Give an example
Individuals within the same species has genetic variations
Ex: Physical Apperance, metabolism, behavior
Heritability (Genetic Inheritance)
Give an example:
Traits that are passed unto offspring
Ex: eye colors, hair colors, height
Differential Survival
Many offspring do not survive due to low resources
Mathus Principle
When every generation produces more offspring than what can survive
Differential Reproduction
All organisms can produce more offspring than the enviroment can support, and the offspring best suited for the enviroment survive longer
Alfred Russel Wallace
Independently described a mechanism for biological evolution that was almost the identical to Darwins
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Proposed that all life of Earth is related and evolved from a common ancestor
Fossil Evidence
Can trace the evolutionary ancestry of an organism + proves the extinction of a species
Biogeography
Deals with the geographic distribution of plants and animals
Homologous Structures
When organs or skeletons are similar enough to suggest their connection to a common ancestor
Microevolution
Small changes in a population over a small period of time
Macroevolution
Large changes within a species (across many populations) over a large period of time
Population
Group of individuals of the same species
Gene
Code for DNA that can code for a characteristic
Allele
Varieities of a gene that you get from both parents.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype
Physical expression of an organism
Gene Pool
Total genetic diversity that can be found within a population for a species
Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium
When neither gene or allele frequency changes in succeeding generation
Genetic Mutation
Permanant alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
Gene Flow
The transfer of gene variation from one population to another
Non Random Mating
When Individuals do not choose their mates randomly
Assertive Mating
Individuals tend to mate with those of the same phenotypes
Sexual Selection
Males compete for their right to reproduce + female choose the males with a particular phenotype
Genetic Drift
Changes in the alleles frequency of a gene pool due to chance which leads to a reduction in genetic variation
Bottleneck Effect
Give an example:
When there is a sharp decrease in population due enviromental events
Ex) disease, starvation, drought
Founder Effect
A loss in genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.
Directional Selection
Extreme phenotypes is most fit for an enviroment
Stabalizing Selection
An intermediate phenotype is favored
Disruptive Selection
Two or more extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes
Principle of Use + Disuse
The more an organism uses a trait within its lifetime the more it grows.
Inheritance of Acquired Characterstics
An organism can pass on its offspring physical characteristics that the parent acquired through use/disuse
Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
Geological changes occurs slowly over long periods of time
Observations by Charles Darwin
From Charles Darwin experinces on the Islands, he noted that each island had unique organisms that may have descneded from a single one
Essay on the Principle of the Population by T.Mathus
States that not all species have exponential growth due to limited resources
Hardy - Weignberg Equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
