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bio 11 > evolution unit > Flashcards

evolution unit Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution

A

biological history of life and how it became what it is today

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2
Q

what is LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

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3
Q

who first gave a mechanism as to how evolution works

A

Charles Darwin

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4
Q

what are the 5 main pieces of evidence that support evolution?

A

fossil record, biogeography, embryology, anatomy, DNA (FBEAD)

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5
Q

what kind of fossil is Tiktaalik?

A

a transitional fossil that shows the transition from aquatic life to four legged land vertebrates

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6
Q

in what kind of rock are fossils found and which layer

A

in the strata of sedimentary rock

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7
Q

chronological evolution goes..

A

bacteria & algae, fungi & worms, land vertebrates

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8
Q

what is the oldest vertebrate

A

fish

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9
Q

biogeography is evidence for

A

how and why evolution occurs

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10
Q

geographically close environments are likely to be populated by

A

related species

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11
Q

what is embryology

A

the study of early pre birth stages of an organism’s development

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12
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

structures that have SIMILAR STRUCTURE but may have DIFFERENT FUNCTION

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13
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when forelimbs of vertebrates have similar structures but may have different uses

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14
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A
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15
Q

what id the oldest vertebrate

A

fish; then amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

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16
Q

what is biogeography evidence of

A

how and why evolution occurs

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17
Q

what is embryology

A

study of early pre birth stages of an organism’s development

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18
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

structures that have SIMILAR STRUCTURE but often have DIFFERENT FUNCTION

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19
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when forelimbs of vertebrates have similar structures but different uses

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20
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A

homologous structure; limbs with five digits, characteristic of 4 legged vertebrates (eg. human arm, whale fin)

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21
Q

what are analogous structures

A

structures that do not have common evolutionary origin, but have similar functions-CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

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22
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

remains of functional structure present in an ancestral species- present in REDUCED form (eg. wisdom teeth, appendix)

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23
Q

what is artificial selection

A

repeatedly selection for purposefully breeding individuals with traits useful to humans (cattle, horse, dogs)

24
Q

what applied selective pressure in artificial selection?

A

humans

25
Q

what is natural selection

A

theory developed by Darwin that describes the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics that are well suited to their environment leave more offspring expressing those genes

26
Q

what is differential reproductive success

A

a situation in which some individuals leave more offspring in the next generation than do others, often due to traits that confer advantages in survival and/or reproduction

27
Q

what is fitness

A

individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

28
Q

what are some examples of natural selection

A

antibiotic resistance, industrial melanism, the finches in Daphne Major

29
Q

how does antibiotic resistance happen

A
  1. lots of germs, some are drug resistant. 2. antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the body. 3. the drug resistant bacteria remain. 4. some bacteria give their resistance to other bacteria.
30
Q

can drug resistance be passed on to other bacteria even when the bacteria is killed?

A

yes

31
Q

what is micro evolution

A

evolution on the smallest scale; generation to generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population

32
Q

what is the term for when populations do not change their gene pools over time and are not evolving

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

33
Q

what is macroevolution

A

also called SPECIATION; more dramatic evolutionary changes that result in a new species

34
Q

how do allele frequencies change? (5 factors)

A

mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection (MGNGN)

35
Q

mutations are often..

A

harmful and would be selected against

36
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another as a result of migration of individuals

37
Q

what is genetic drift

A

when frequencies of certain alleles in populations are changed by chance

38
Q

what is the founder effect

A

change in gene pool when only a few individuals (founders) start a new, isolated population, often occurring on islands

39
Q

what is the bottleneck effect

A

changes in gene distribution that result from a rapid decrease in population size

40
Q

what are the three types of natural selection

A

stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection

41
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

favours intermediate pheno., acts against extreme variants (eg. human birth weights)

42
Q

what is directional selection

A

favouring extreme variants of a trait- shift away from average (common in artificial selection)

43
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

favours individuals with variations at either extreme of a trait over individuals with the intermediate variations- two different phenotypes

44
Q

what is speciation

A

formation of a new species from an existing species (macro evolution)

45
Q

what is a species

A

population or group of populations whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

46
Q

what are the types of speciation

A

sympatric and allopatric

47
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

more common in plants- populations within same geographic range diverge and become reproductively isolated

48
Q

what is polyploidy

A

error in cell division that results in multiple sets of chromosomes

49
Q

what is allopathic speciation

A

population split into 2 or more isolated groups by a geographic barrier- also known as geographic speciation

50
Q

how does speciation occur

A

reproductive isolation- little to no gene flow between populations

51
Q

explain pre zygotes barriers in reference of reproductive isolation

A

mating & fertilization are prevented; occurs because of behavioural, temporal (breeding times), habitat, mechanical (anatomically incompatible), and gametic isolation

52
Q

explain post zygotic barriers in reference of reproductive isolation

A

rarely will a zygote even form from mating of 2 different species, let alone be visible. it’s caused by hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.

53
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species (adaptive radiation)

54
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

distantly related species that live in similar environments developing similar adaptations

55
Q

what is gradualism

A

slow and steady evolutionary change

56
Q
A

bio 11 (3 decks)

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