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bio 11 > animal systems unit test > Flashcards

animal systems unit test Flashcards

1
Q

what do we breathe

A

a mix of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, etc.

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2
Q

why do we need oxygen

A

for body cells to create ATP through cellular respiration which powers growth, movement, and building of new molecules

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3
Q

how does oxygen get to body cells

A

through gas exchange which occurs in the alveoli of lungs and body cells

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4
Q

name the four key structures in the human respiratory system

A

a thin & permeable membrane through which diffusion can occur, large surface area for gas exchange, a good blood supply, and a breathing system that brings oxygen rich air

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5
Q

what is the pathway of air

A

nose/mouth (warmed/moistened; hair and mucus trap and filter dust), pharynx, larynx, trachea (cillia and mucus trap foreign matter), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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6
Q

how and where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli; gas exchange happens by diffusion between air in the aveoli and blood flowing in the adjacent capillaries- attatches to RBC with the aid of hemoglobin -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle

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7
Q

why can diffusion happen rapidly

A

alveoli are made of a single layer of flattened cells (diffusion distance is small), dense network of capillaries maintain a concentration gradiant for diffusion, high numbers of alveoli, cells in alveoli lining secrete surfactant to allow gasses to dissolve and prevent alveoli from collapsing

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8
Q

what are the key players in regulating breathing

A

brain (medulla oblongata near base of braine which coordinates breathing movements), diaphragm (sheet of muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity), intercostal muscles (between ribs and on inner surface of ribcage

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9
Q

when inhaling what is the difference between air pressure in and out of the body? exhaling?

A

inhaling; air pressure in lungs is ower than air pressure outside the body so air moves into lungs. exhaling; opposite.

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10
Q

how does the brain regulate breathing

A

medulla oblongata; concentration of CO2 in blood affects pH- medulla responds to blood pH level when regulating breathing

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11
Q

O2 has less of an effect except at..

A

high alt. when O2 levels lower, oxygen sensors in AORTA and CAROTID ARTERIES signal medulla to increase breathing rate

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12
Q

what is TV

A

tidal volume- volume inhaled with each breath at rest

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13
Q

what is IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume- additional volume of air that can be taken in beyond regular inhalation

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14
Q

what is ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume- additional volume that can be forced out of lungs beyond regular exhalation

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15
Q

what is VC

A

vital capacity- total volume that can be moved in and out of lungs

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16
Q

what is RV

A

residual volume- amount of air remaining in lungs after full exhalation (prevents collapse of lungs and passageways)

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17
Q

what is the vital capacity equation

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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18
Q

why do we have a cardiovascular system

A

transporting gases+nutrients+wastes, hormones, immune cells to fight infection, and to regulate internal body temperature

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19
Q

what happens when you have a fever (not mandatory)

A

your body senses a change in homeostasis and sends your blood to the surface of your skin to cool down your inner body- it’s why you look flushed and you sweat

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20
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary (lungs), and systemic (rest of body)

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21
Q

the heart is a…

A

double pump, delivering oxygen under 2 different pressures to 2 circulations

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22
Q

what is the name of the node that acts as a natural pacemaker, setting your heart rate

A

the sinoatrial node (SA)

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23
Q

what does the SA do

A

sends out an electrical signal that spreads through atria, causing them to contract

24
Q

what is the AV (atrio-ventricular) node’s job in regulating heart beat

A

after delay (0.1s) at AV node, a signal passes to ventricles where it spreads through ventricle walls, causing them to contract and pump blood into arteries

25
Q

what is an ECG/EKG and what does it do

A

electrocardiogram- detects electrical activity of heart through electrodes placed on body surface

26
Q

what does it mean when they say the heart is myogenic

A

that the heart beats on its own, but note the nervous system is involved and can affect heart rate

27
Q

what nerves can bring electrical impulses to the heart

A

sympathetic and vagus, from the medulla oblongata

28
Q

where does the hormone epinephrine come from

A

adrenal glands (reside on top of kidneys)

29
Q

what does low blood pressure indicate

A

low O2 and low pH- heart needs to speed up

30
Q

what does high blood pressure mean

A

high O2 and high pH- heart needs to slow down

31
Q

what is blood comprised of

A

55% plasma; fluid portion of blood- mostly water + protein and other dissolved substances (NO CELLS), 45% cellular components; RBC + WBC, platelets

32
Q

define blood pressure

A

force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

33
Q

define systolic pressure

A

max pressure during contractions of ventricles (occurs during systole when blood is pumping OUT of heart)

34
Q

define diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure BEFORE ventricles contract (occurs during diastole when ventricles are filling with blood)

35
Q

what does a sphygmomanometer measure

A

blood pressure (cuff is inflated to exert pressure on the brachial artery, which is measured)

36
Q

what is cardiac output and what is its formula

A

volume of blood pumped out by heart (mL/min); indicator of level of O2 being delivered to body. Cardiac Output = HR x SV (heart rate, stroke volume

37
Q

what is HR and SV

A

HR; bpm. SV; stroke volume, which is how easily heart fills with blood (strength of contraction of ventricles)

38
Q

what is CVF

A

cardiovascular fitness; capacity of lungs, vessels to deliver O2 to working muscles.

39
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

sclerosis/narrowing in vessels leads to restricted BF, increase in pressure in the artery which leads to damage to the arterial wall. damaged area is replaced with fibrous tissue which reduces elasticity. lesions form in lining called atherosclerotic plaques. if plaque ruptures, continuous blood clotting, formng a thrombus that restricts BF. if thrombus is dislodged it becomes an embolus that can cause a blockage in a smaller arteriole. atherosclerosis can lead to coronary disease in coronary arteries.

40
Q

define a heart attack

A

when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, an ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. without enough O2 + glucose, heart muscle cells cant make ATP, and then they cannot contract. heart spasms and may stop beating. treated by by-pass or creating a stent (balloon angioplasty)

41
Q

what are the four types of tissue

A

muscle, connective, epithelial, nerve

42
Q

what are the five steps of digestion

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, elimination

43
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

44
Q

what are the 3 purposes of the stomach

A

disinfect food with HCl, store food (2L max), digest protein using pepsin

45
Q

what stops the stomach from digesting itself

A

mucus secreted by stomach cells protects lining

46
Q

is bile mechanical or chemical digestion

A

mechanical

47
Q

what are the accessory organs for digestion

A

gallbladder, pancreas, liver

48
Q

what vitamin is absorbed in the colon

A

vitamin K, produced by E-coli bacteria in large intestine

49
Q

what are feces comprised of

A

cellulose from plants, roughage/fiber, masses of bacteria + water

50
Q

what do carbs break down into

A

poly + disaccharides in mouth, simpler sugars w help of pancreatic amylase, simple sugars w help of small intestine enzymes

51
Q

what does protein break down into

A

polypeptides with pepsin, then amino acids with trypsin and chymotrypsin

52
Q

what do fats break down into

A

smaller droplets with the help of bile, then glycerol + fatty acids with lipases

53
Q

what does biuret indicate

A

bluish-purple = polypeptides (many amino acids linked together). lavender-pink = amino acids.

54
Q

what does benedict’s reagent indicate

A

when heated turns red/orange/yellow in presence of glucose

55
Q

what does iodine indicate

A

blue-black = starch (polymer of glucose)

56
Q

what does litmus indicate

A

blue = base (buttermilk), pink = acid (fatty acid)

bio 11 (3 decks)

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