Evolution: Process, speciation and diversity

Question 1

What did Comte de Buffon discover?

Answer 1

That man and ape were common ancestors and he discovered deep time in history

Question 2

What did Cuvier discover?

Answer 2

Extinctions

Question 3

What did Aristotle discover?

Answer 3

Concept of species and genera

Question 4

Describe the three requirements for natural selection to occur?

Answer 4

-A trait passed down
-The inheritability from parent to off spring
-The Fitness of the off-spring in ability to reproduce

Question 5

What is an example of a trait?

Answer 5

Some peas are wrinkled, some peas are not wrinkled.

Question 6

What’s the difference between a gene and an allele?

Answer 6

A gene is a section of hereditary material (such as a place on a chromosome).

An allele is an altered sequence of a gene.

Question 7

What is a genotype?

Answer 7

The genetic make up of an organism.

Question 8

What is a phenotype?

Answer 8

Observable characteristics.

Question 9

What might effect a phenotype?

Answer 9

Environment, alleles and random effects

Question 10

Why don’t all individuals look alike?

Answer 10

Mutation- Variation in population

Disruptive selection- When phenotype is more extreme rather than balanced in both parents, its to an extreme genetic (selects against the average individual)

Balancing selection- When alleles are actively used in a gene pool such as red hair (an allele is changed sequences of genes) can be beneficial for example, sickle cell trait instead of sickle cell disease.

Question 11

What term describes an organisms genetic makeup?

Answer 11

Genotype

Question 12

What is an example of a trait?

Answer 12

For example, Intelligence and height

Question 13

What is heritability?

Answer 13

How well your genes make you, you with your traits.

Question 14

What might make natural selection slow?

Answer 14

For example, off-spring which does not have their parents traits/ poor correlation as their parents have survived for you birth, if you have different traits then it could be like a down grade.

Question 15

Explain what is meant by the term fitness?

Answer 15

How successful an individual will be in terms of survival and under particular circumstances (Remember profs example of high pressure)

Question 16

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 16

When an off spring is of the extreme end of the phenotype, not usually in-between. (More so a dominant allele)

Question 17

Explain why Balancing selection is a good thing?

Answer 17

For example, an individual’s parent who has sickle cell and another parent who does not, they will possible have a balanced selection and get sickle cell trait, no way near as dangerous as full blown sickle cell.

Question 18

What is mutation in simple?

Answer 18

Spontaneous changes to DNA of a cell.

Question 19

What are the different mutations?

Answer 19

Deleterious- harmful

Advantageous- Positive effect

Neutral- Neither effect

Question 20

In terms of survival of the fittest/ not, what are important to consider for selection?

Answer 20

Ecological selection and sexual selection

Question 21

Describe some mechanisms which may affect populations?

Answer 21

Mutations, alleles through migration, selfish genes

Question 22

What do you call an organism that replicates/ makes copies of its self, even if it has an effect or not?

Answer 22

Selfish genes.

Question 23

What is a simple definition of species?

Answer 23

Groups which can interbreed, produce fertile off spring and do not cross bred.

Question 24

What’s the term when species from different groups look alike?

Answer 24

Cryptic species (like Cryptic colouration except for species )

Question 25

How long can species remain unchanged?

Answer 25

Tens or hundreds of millions of years.

Question 26

What is an example of microevolution?

Answer 26

When a virus changes is antigens, or antibiotic resistance development.