Evolution of Management

Question 1

Fields of Management

Answer 1

managing work and organization: planning, organizing and controlling

managing people: motivation, leadership, group behavior, communication

managing Production and Operation: managing PO, decision support system, quality management, toolkit in POM

Question 2

Classical Management Perspective

Answer 2

Aspects:
* productivity, performance
* organizations

Four principles:
* develop a scientific approach for each element of one’s work
* scientifically select, train, teach and develop each worker
* cooperate with workers to ensure that jobs match plans and principles
* ensure appropriate division of labor

Representatives: Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, Harrington Emerson, Henry Ford

Question 3

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915)

Answer 3

Replaced old methods of how to do work with scientifically-based work methods.

Believed in selecting, training, teaching, and developing workers.

Question 4

Frank B. Gilbreth (1868-1924) and Lillian M. Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Answer 4

Both developed techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency.

Question 5

Classical Organization Theory

Answer 5

Emphasized the perspective of senior managers
5 management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling
14 principles of management
Focuses on managing the whole organization rather than individuals.

Representatives: Henri Fayol, Max Weber

Question 6

Classical Management Perspective contributions and limitations

Answer 6

Contributions
+ Laid the foundation for later developments.
+ Identified important
management processes,
functions, and skills.
+ Focused attention on
management as a valid
subject of scientific inquiry.

Limitations
‒ More appropriate approach for use in traditional, stable, simple organizations.
‒ Prescribed universal
procedures that are not
appropriate in some settings.
‒ Employees are viewed as
tools rather than as resources.

Question 7

Behavioral Management Perspective

Answer 7

Emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, and group processes, and recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace.
2.1. Human Relations Movement
2.2. Organizational Behaviour

Question 8

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization, transcendence

Question 9

Behavioral Management Perspective contributions and limitations

Answer 9

Contributions
+ Provided important insights into motivation, group dynamics, and other interpersonal processes.
+ Focused managerial attention on these critical processes.
+ Challenged the view that employees are tools and furthered the belief that employees are valuable resources.

Limitations
- Complexity of individuals makes behavior difficult to predict.
- Many concepts not put to use because managers are reluctant to adopt them.
- Contemporary research findings are not often communicated to practicing managers in an understandable form

Question 10

Quantitative Management Perspective

Answer 10

• Focuses on decision making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers to solve quantitative problems.
• Teams of quantitative experts tackle complex issues that large organizations face.
• Helps management make a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem.
• Representatives: military planners in World War II

Question 11

Quantitative Management Perspective

Answer 11

3.1. Management Science
* Focuses on the development of representative mathematical models to assist with decisions.
* Linear Programming, Game Theory, Sampling Theory, Probability
Theory, Simulation, etc.

3.2. Operations Management
* Practical application of management science to efficiently manage the
production and distribution
of products and services.
* Quality Control, Total Quality Management, Just In Time Technique, Six Sigma, etc.

Question 12

Quantitative Management Perspective contributions and limitations

Answer 12

Contributions
+ Developed sophisticated quantitative techniques to assist in decision making.
+ Application of models has increased our awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations.
+ Has been useful in the planning and controlling processes

Limitations
- Quantitative management cannot fully explain or predict the behavior of people in organizations.
- Mathematical sophistication may
come at the expense of other managerial skills.
- Quantitative models may require unrealistic or unfounded assumptions,
limiting their general applicability

Question 13

Integrating the major perspectives

Answer 13

4.1. The Systems Perspective (Open Systems)
A system is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole.
4.2. The Contingency Perspective
Appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on (or is
contingent on) a wide variety of elements.

Question 14

4.1. The Systems Perspective (Open Systems)

Answer 14

Input: acquire external resources
* people, financial resources, materials (physical), information
Transformation: inputs are processed into products and services
* Technology, operating systems, administrative systems, control
systems
Outputs: finished products are released in the environment
* products, services, reputation, stakeholder satisfaction