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BIO1130 > evolution of animals > Flashcards

evolution of animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are animals

A
  • eukaryotes
  • multicellular
  • heterotroph
  • aerobic
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of animals

A
  • able to move
  • sexual/asexual reproduction
  • cells organized into tissues
  • development goes through blastula stage
  • no cell wall
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3
Q

what does multicellularity require

A

evolution of cell adherence (attachment) and cell signaling (communication)

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4
Q

what are cadherins

A

proteins involved in cell-to-cell attachment

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5
Q

what do sponges have

A

choanocytes: resemble choanoflagellates (feeding by filtration)

amoebocytes: transport nutrients to other cells, can differentiate into any other cell

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6
Q

what life cycle do animals go through

A

diplontic

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7
Q

examples of asexual reproduction in animals

A
  • budding in jellyfish
  • fragmentation in sponges/flatworms
  • parthenogenesis: females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
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8
Q

what are the types of symmetry in animals

A
  • radial symm
  • bilateral symm
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9
Q

what are hox genes (homeotic genes)

A

regulatory genes that control placement of body part
–> control developmental fate of groups of cells

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10
Q

what are larva

A

sexually immature phase that is morphologically distinct from adult

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11
Q

what is metamorphosis

A

developmental transformation that turns animal into juvenile that resembles adult
–> not sexually mature yet

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12
Q

what is a blastula

A

when diploid zygote ungerdoes mitosis

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13
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of gastrula through infolding
–> forms embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts

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14
Q

what are the types of cell division

A
  • spiral cleavage : oblique to body axis
  • radial cleavage: parallel to body axis
  • determinate cleavage: each cell defines specific part of embryo
  • indeterminate cleavage: each cell has potential to produce complete embryo
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15
Q

what does the blastula develop into

A
  • protosomes: the mouth
  • deuterostomes: anus
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16
Q

what are the characteristics of protosome development

A
  • spiral cleavage
  • determinate
  • mouth develops first
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17
Q

what are the characteristics of deuterosome development

A
  • radial cleavage
  • indeterminate
  • anus forms first
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18
Q

what embryonic tissues do animals with radial symmetry have

A
  • ectoderm (outer layer)
  • endoderm (inner layer)

dipoblastic

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19
Q

what embryonic tissues do animals with bilateral symmetry have

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm

tripoblastic

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20
Q

what is the coelom

A

cavity lines by tissues derives from mesoderm between digestive track and outer body layer

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21
Q

what are the functions of body cavities

A
  • structural support
  • transport and diffusion
  • allows for growth of organs
22
Q

what are triploblastic animals with no coelom called

A

acoelomates
–> more efficient digestion

23
Q

what is embryogensis

A

infolding of neural plate forms neural tube and structures of nervous system

24
Q

what is the notochord

A

dorsal, longitudinal, flexible rod along anterior-posterior axis of chordates

25
Q

how does surface/volume ratio of animals affect them

A

surface area smaller for larger organisms, heat loss is decreased

26
Q

what is homeostasis

A

steady-state physiological condition of body

27
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

mechanism for regulating body temp

28
Q

endotherm vs. ectotherm

A

endotherm: source of heat is internal (metabolism)

ectotherm: source of heat is external (sunlight)

29
Q

homeotherm vs. poikilotherm

A

homeotherm (regulator): attenuates variations of internal environ. when external environ. changes

poikilotherm (conformed): variations of internal environment can be tolerated when external environ, fluctuates

30
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

regulation of animal’s water loss

31
Q

what are invertebrates

A

animals with no backbone (spine)
->95% of species

32
Q

what are ecdysozoa

A

protostome animal that creates exoskeleton periodically molted

33
Q

what can protostome animals possess either of

A

lophophore: crown of ciliated tentacles around mouth

trochophore: larval stage

34
Q

what do chordates possess

A
  • a notochord
  • dorsal nerve chord
  • pharyngeal slits behind mouth (filtration)
  • post-anal tail
35
Q

what is paedomorphosis

A

retention in adult of juvenile features of its ancestors

36
Q

what are vertebrates

A

animals with a spinal cord
–> muscle attachment

37
Q

what are cyclostomes

A

vertebrates with NO jaws
–> circular mouth
- cartilage skeleton, no collagen

38
Q

what are gnathostomes

A

vertebrates WITH jaws
- modification of 2 skeletal rods
–> jaws
–> support structures
- anterior gill slits (suspension feeding, gas exchange)

39
Q

what are chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish
–> have placoid scales

40
Q

what are the 3 modes of reproduction for chondrichthyes

A
  • oviparous: egg laying, external hatching
  • ovoviviparous: embryo feeds from egg yolk, hatches into uterus
  • viviparous: embryo feeds from mother through placenta until birth
41
Q

what are osteichthyes

A

bony fish
–> made of calcium phosphate
–> have swim bladder
–> mostly oviparous

42
Q

what are tetrapods

A

four limbs with digits
–> new land niches

43
Q

what are the adaptations that lead to the colonization of animals to land

A
  • support of body against gravity
  • breathing air
  • hearing in air
  • resistance against dry environments
  • vascular system with lungs/organs
44
Q

what are the stages for amphibians

A

1) aquatic larval stage
2) metamorphosis (loss of tail, formation of legs)
3) terrestrial predator adult

45
Q

what are amniotes

A

clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals

46
Q

what are the 4 embryonic membranes for amniotes

A
  • chorion: outer membrane (gas-exchange)
  • amnion: surrounds cavity
  • allantois: surrounds disposal sac (metabolic waste)
  • yolk sac
47
Q

what do reptiles have

A
  • dry skin with scales
  • ectothermic (except birds)
  • improved locomotion
48
Q

what are the characteristics of birds

A
  • feathers became an exaptation
    no bladder
    light skull for flying
49
Q

what are characteristics of mammals

A
  • produce milk
  • endothermy
  • large forebrain
  • hair/fat layer under skin (insulation)
  • kidneys
50
Q

what are characteristics of primates

A
  • thumbs
  • large brain, short jaw
  • parental care and social behaviours
  • hand-eye coordination
  • overlapping visual fields
51
Q

what are characteristics of humans

A
  • bipedal
  • language
  • homo neanderthalensis closest relative species

BIO1130 (14 decks)

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