biosphere/ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is climate determined by

A
  • temp
  • precipitation
  • light
  • wind
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2
Q

what are the biological hierarchies of ecology

A
  • organismal
  • population
  • community
  • ecosystem
  • landscape
  • global
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3
Q

what is a biome

A

major ecosystem type, classified according to predominant vegetation/environment

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4
Q

what are meromictic lakes

A

deep lakes that do NOT display water mixing (surface <–> bottom)

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5
Q

what are thermoclimes

A

vertical gradients in temp that prevent water mixing (cold bottom water, upper warm water)

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6
Q

what are turnovers in temperate holomictic lakes

A

moves oxygenated surface to bottom and nutrient-rich bottom water to surface

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7
Q

how does species distribution occur

A

depends on evolutionary history and biotic/abiotic factors

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8
Q

what is species richness

A

of species in a biological community

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9
Q

3 hypotheses that can explain latitudinal gradient in species richness

A

1) tropical latitudes receive more solar energy
–> longer growing season
2) fewer seasonal changes
–> facilitates competition and biodiversity
3) during ice age, temperate communities were vulnerable to glaciations
–> stayed undisturbed for longer

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10
Q

what are generalists

A

species that thrives in wide variety of environmental conditions

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11
Q

what are specialists

A

species that survive in narrow range of environmental conditions

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12
Q

what is dispersal

A

movement of individuals away from area of origin/ centers of high pop density

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13
Q

how to species living along an environmental gradient respond to climate change

A
  • natural range limited by physiological factors
  • natural range shifted north
  • shrinkage of natural range
  • adaptation to new conditions
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14
Q

define niche

A

all biotic/abiotic resources used by a species
–> realized niche<fundamental niche

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15
Q

what is competition

A

when 2 individuals of diff species compete for a resource

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16
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

when populations of 2 similar species compete for the same resource, one will use the resource more efficiently
–> eliminates other population

17
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

differentiation of ecological niches
–> decreases competition, allows species to coexist

18
Q

what are trophic relationships

A

study of the structure of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem

19
Q

what can populations of intermediate trophic levels be controlled by

A
  • amt of food in lower trophic levels (bottom-up control)
  • presence of predators (top-down control)
20
Q

what are keystone species

A

has large influence on species richness of community relative to its abundance

21
Q

what is commensalism

A

occurs when one individual from one species obtains a benefit while individual from other species is neither hlped/harmed