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Biology > Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior > Flashcards

Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The relationship between intestinal bacteria and humans ca be described as?

A

Mutualism

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2
Q

Wings serve a common purpose in animals such as birds and insects, despite their lineages evolving separately. What best describe this phenomenon?

A

Analogous Structures

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3
Q

What can be found on the early earth?

A

Primordial soup, protocells, methane gas, carbon dioxide

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4
Q

A pet dog learns to ignore a mailman knocking on the front door. This is an example of?

A

Habituation

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5
Q

What type of relationship is seen between a tall cactus plant that provides shade for a small shrub in the desert?

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

What does Darwinian fitness primarily depend on within a population?

A

The number of fertile offspring an organism has

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7
Q

After stumbling around his cage, a crow discovers that by pushing a button, food is released into his cage. He continues to perform the action. What concept does this scenario display?

A

Operant conditioning

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8
Q

What best describes humans learning to ignore water on the wrist?

A

Habituation

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9
Q

Following a severe earthquake, a population of panthers are divided by a landslide. Over several decades, two different species of panthers arise. What is this an example of?

A

Allopatric speciation

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10
Q

In order for natural selection to occur, there must be variation in traits within a population. What four factors contribute to population variation?

A

Mutation, prophase 1, balanced polymorphism, heterozygote advantage

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11
Q

In a population of moths, those with wings that are much shorter or much longer than the average length are eliminated over several generations. Which of the following describes this process?

A

Stabilizing selection

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12
Q

The ___ is the largest terrestrial biome and has very long and cold winters

A

Taiga

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13
Q

What gases were present in the atmosphere of primordial earth?

A

CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, H2, N2, H2O, HS (inorganic compounds except for Oxygen)

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14
Q

What are the assumption for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium to occur?

A

No mutation, No net migrations, No natural selection, No gene flow, Random mating, Infinite population size

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15
Q

Certain birds seek shelter from predators in hollows of large trees, causing no significant change to the tree’s wellbeing or life-cycle. What type of relationship does this describe?

A

Commensalism

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16
Q

A group of cheetahs survived an environmental catastrophe that occurred 12,000 years ago and are now at a greater risk of extinction because of changes in allele frequencies in their population. What explains their risk of extinction?

A

Genetic drift

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17
Q

The flying squirrel and Draco lizard have both evolved a membrane between their limbs that allows them to glide between trees in their habitats. Given that the species are distantly related, which of the following patterns of evolution would explain the development of this anatomical structure in both organisms?

A

Convergent evolution

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18
Q

A population of lions was separated by a river and after many years, each group evolved into their own species. What is most likely the explanation for this?

A

Allopatric speciation

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19
Q

A relationship between two different organisms that is physically close association

A

Symbiosis

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20
Q

Relationship where one or both of the organisms cannot survive without the other

A

Obligatory

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21
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

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22
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits at the expense of a host

A

Parasitism

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23
Q

a relationship where one organism is harmed, while the other organism is unaffected. (plants releasing toxic chemicals that kill neighboring plants, but does not affect itself)

A

Amensalism

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24
Q

Refers to organisms living off dead or decaying matter

A

Saprophytism

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25
Q

structures that once were useful in ancestors of present species, but are no longer of use (ex: human appendix)

A

Vestigial structures

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26
Q

structures that represent shared ancestry due to similarities in structure

A

Homologous structures

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27
Q

similar structure between two species that don’t have shared ancestry

A

Analogous structures

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28
Q

The evolution of two species with a common ancestor that increases differences between them.

A

Divergent evolution

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29
Q

Evolution of two different species with no shared ancestry that results in the rise of similarities between the two species (analogous structures tend to give rise to this type of evolution)

A

Convergent evolution

30
Q

describes the early oceans that comprised a solution of organic molecules synthesized by lightning & intense UV radiation

A

Primordial soup

31
Q

abiotically formed vesicles on early earth that exhibited simple mechanisms of reproduction and metabolism

A

Protocells

32
Q

___ are innate behaviors that occur without any thought

A

Instinct

33
Q

____ is characterized by a decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

A

Habituation

34
Q

: ___ a learning that can occur only during a critical, early phase of life

A

Imprinting

35
Q

___ describes trained behavior that is not voluntarily performed by the subject (unconditioned/ conditioned stimulus/ response)

A

Classical conditioning

36
Q

___ is a component of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus elicits a desired response

A

Conditioned response

37
Q

___ is a method used to train specific behavior through the use of rewards and punishments

A

Operant conditioning

38
Q

____ occurs when a stimulus produces an increasing response

A

Sensitization

39
Q

____ occurs when a previously habituated stimulus produces a response again

A

Desensitization

40
Q

an evolutionary mechanism by which only beneficial alleles are selected for while unfavorable traits are selected against

A

Natural selection

41
Q

___ describes natural variations in allele frequencies of a population due to random genetic changes that are not related to natural selection (sampling error, chance event) (effects are more significant in smaller populations due to reduced gene pool)

A

Genetic drift

42
Q

when a catastrophic event that drastically reduces a population size

A

Bottleneck event

43
Q

increases genetic diversity by introducing new alleles to the gene pool

A

Gene flow

44
Q

mating without a specific choice

A

Random mating

45
Q

A form of natural selection where an organism will favor the survival of family members, even if it costs the organism’s own survival (ex: a bird warning the group of an approaching predator, but also attracting the predator to itself)

A

Kin selection

46
Q

___ describes the process where one extreme is favored.

A

Directional selection

47
Q

___ describes a process where both extremes are favored while the traits that are average are eliminated

A

Disruptive selection

48
Q

___ is the process where a male or female chooses a mate of the opposite sex

A

Sexual selection

49
Q

___ is the process where extreme traits are eliminated in a population through natural selection leaving the majority of the population with the trait that is considered average

A

Stabilizing selection

50
Q

___ is the contribution an individual makes to the next generation’s gene pool as compared to the average gene pool of the whole population

A

Darwinian fitness

51
Q

___ is the formation of two or more different species from one single species that all occupy one geographical area.

A

Sympatric speciation

52
Q

___ occurs when a population is divided by a physical barrier and begin to develop different genotypes or phenotypes

A

Allopatric speciation

53
Q

when two different species combine to produce a viable offspring that becomes a new species

A

Hybrid speciation

54
Q

describes how hybrid offspring have reduced fertility, reducing the chances of the second generation of hybrids

A

Hybrid breakdown

55
Q

occurs by mutation in the gametic cells, often resulting from nondisjunction when chromosomes separate during cell division

A

Speciation via polyploidy

56
Q

____ states that a population’s allele and genotype frequencies are constant, unless there is some type of evolutionary force acting upon them

A

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

57
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equations for allele and genotype frequency

A

p + q = 1

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

58
Q

____ describes human influence in intentionally separating a population, thus allowing different species to develop.

A

Artificial speciation

59
Q

__ describes the loss of genetic variation when a new population is started by a very small number of individuals who were part of a larger population before

A

Founder effect

60
Q

when one ancestor is introduced to a variety of conditions, multiple species can arise (ex: different species of finches on Galapagos islands)

A

Adaptive radiation

61
Q

___ is the act of mating organisms that are closely related genetically

A

Inbreeding

62
Q

___ leads to genetic variation within a population by altering the DNA sequence of an organism

A

Mutation

63
Q

___ describes the phenomenon where two or more alleles are always present among a population

A

Balanced polymorphism

64
Q

largest terrestrial biome characterized by less rainfall than temperate forests, long cold winters, coniferous trees, think soil covered in moss/lichens

A

Taigas

65
Q

characterized by snow and ice covered ground, short summers

A

Tundra

66
Q

characterized by receiving less water and uneven season rainfall; lower temperatures than savannas

A

Temperate grasslands

67
Q

characterized by grasslands with scattered trees, high temperatures, low rainfall

A

Savanna

68
Q

curve which represents organisms that have fewer offspring and have the time/ resources to provide extensive care for their offspring so that the offspring could survive for a longer amount of time )ex: humans, elephants, giraffe, k-selected species)

A

Type 1 survivorship curve

69
Q

curve which describes species that have many offspring and don’t spend too much time and resources nurturing their offspring. As a result, the young and fragile offspring die off at a high rate and there is only a small portion remaining until old age. (ex: frog, tree, salmon)

A

Type 3 survivorship curve

70
Q

Type 2 survivorship curve examples includes

A

seagull, lizards, hydra

Biology (3 decks)

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