Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior

Question 1

The relationship between intestinal bacteria and humans ca be described as?

Answer 1

Mutualism

Question 2

Wings serve a common purpose in animals such as birds and insects, despite their lineages evolving separately. What best describe this phenomenon?

Answer 2

Analogous Structures

Question 3

What can be found on the early earth?

Answer 3

Primordial soup, protocells, methane gas, carbon dioxide

Question 4

A pet dog learns to ignore a mailman knocking on the front door. This is an example of?

Answer 4

Habituation

Question 5

What type of relationship is seen between a tall cactus plant that provides shade for a small shrub in the desert?

Answer 5

Commensalism

Question 6

What does Darwinian fitness primarily depend on within a population?

Answer 6

The number of fertile offspring an organism has

Question 7

After stumbling around his cage, a crow discovers that by pushing a button, food is released into his cage. He continues to perform the action. What concept does this scenario display?

Answer 7

Operant conditioning

Question 8

What best describes humans learning to ignore water on the wrist?

Answer 8

Habituation

Question 9

Following a severe earthquake, a population of panthers are divided by a landslide. Over several decades, two different species of panthers arise. What is this an example of?

Answer 9

Allopatric speciation

Question 10

In order for natural selection to occur, there must be variation in traits within a population. What four factors contribute to population variation?

Answer 10

Mutation, prophase 1, balanced polymorphism, heterozygote advantage

Question 11

In a population of moths, those with wings that are much shorter or much longer than the average length are eliminated over several generations. Which of the following describes this process?

Answer 11

Stabilizing selection

Question 12

The ___ is the largest terrestrial biome and has very long and cold winters

Answer 12

Taiga

Question 13

What gases were present in the atmosphere of primordial earth?

Answer 13

CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, H2, N2, H2O, HS (inorganic compounds except for Oxygen)

Question 14

What are the assumption for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium to occur?

Answer 14

No mutation, No net migrations, No natural selection, No gene flow, Random mating, Infinite population size

Question 15

Certain birds seek shelter from predators in hollows of large trees, causing no significant change to the tree’s wellbeing or life-cycle. What type of relationship does this describe?

Answer 15

Commensalism

Question 16

A group of cheetahs survived an environmental catastrophe that occurred 12,000 years ago and are now at a greater risk of extinction because of changes in allele frequencies in their population. What explains their risk of extinction?

Answer 16

Genetic drift

Question 17

The flying squirrel and Draco lizard have both evolved a membrane between their limbs that allows them to glide between trees in their habitats. Given that the species are distantly related, which of the following patterns of evolution would explain the development of this anatomical structure in both organisms?

Answer 17

Convergent evolution

Question 18

A population of lions was separated by a river and after many years, each group evolved into their own species. What is most likely the explanation for this?

Answer 18

Allopatric speciation

Question 19

A relationship between two different organisms that is physically close association

Answer 19

Symbiosis

Question 20

Relationship where one or both of the organisms cannot survive without the other

Answer 20

Obligatory

Question 21

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected

Answer 21

Commensalism

Question 22

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits at the expense of a host

Answer 22

Parasitism

Question 23

a relationship where one organism is harmed, while the other organism is unaffected. (plants releasing toxic chemicals that kill neighboring plants, but does not affect itself)

Answer 23

Amensalism

Question 24

Refers to organisms living off dead or decaying matter

Answer 24

Saprophytism

Question 25

structures that once were useful in ancestors of present species, but are no longer of use (ex: human appendix)

Answer 25

Vestigial structures

Question 26

structures that represent shared ancestry due to similarities in structure

Answer 26

Homologous structures

Question 27

similar structure between two species that don’t have shared ancestry

Answer 27

Analogous structures

Question 28

The evolution of two species with a common ancestor that increases differences between them.

Answer 28

Divergent evolution

Question 29

Evolution of two different species with no shared ancestry that results in the rise of similarities between the two species (analogous structures tend to give rise to this type of evolution)

Answer 29

Convergent evolution

Question 30

describes the early oceans that comprised a solution of organic molecules synthesized by lightning & intense UV radiation

Answer 30

Primordial soup

Question 31

abiotically formed vesicles on early earth that exhibited simple mechanisms of reproduction and metabolism

Answer 31

Protocells

Question 32

___ are innate behaviors that occur without any thought

Answer 32

Instinct

Question 33

____ is characterized by a decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

Answer 33

Habituation

Question 34

: ___ a learning that can occur only during a critical, early phase of life

Answer 34

Imprinting

Question 35

___ describes trained behavior that is not voluntarily performed by the subject (unconditioned/ conditioned stimulus/ response)

Answer 35

Classical conditioning

Question 36

___ is a component of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus elicits a desired response

Answer 36

Conditioned response

Question 37

___ is a method used to train specific behavior through the use of rewards and punishments

Answer 37

Operant conditioning

Question 38

____ occurs when a stimulus produces an increasing response

Answer 38

Sensitization

Question 39

____ occurs when a previously habituated stimulus produces a response again

Answer 39

Desensitization

Question 40

an evolutionary mechanism by which only beneficial alleles are selected for while unfavorable traits are selected against

Answer 40

Natural selection

Question 41

___ describes natural variations in allele frequencies of a population due to random genetic changes that are not related to natural selection (sampling error, chance event) (effects are more significant in smaller populations due to reduced gene pool)

Answer 41

Genetic drift

Question 42

when a catastrophic event that drastically reduces a population size

Answer 42

Bottleneck event

Question 43

increases genetic diversity by introducing new alleles to the gene pool

Answer 43

Gene flow

Question 44

mating without a specific choice

Answer 44

Random mating

Question 45

A form of natural selection where an organism will favor the survival of family members, even if it costs the organism's own survival (ex: a bird warning the group of an approaching predator, but also attracting the predator to itself)

Answer 45

Kin selection

Question 46

___ describes the process where one extreme is favored.

Answer 46

Directional selection

Question 47

___ describes a process where both extremes are favored while the traits that are average are eliminated

Answer 47

Disruptive selection

Question 48

___ is the process where a male or female chooses a mate of the opposite sex

Answer 48

Sexual selection

Question 49

___ is the process where extreme traits are eliminated in a population through natural selection leaving the majority of the population with the trait that is considered average

Answer 49

Stabilizing selection

Question 50

___ is the contribution an individual makes to the next generation's gene pool as compared to the average gene pool of the whole population

Answer 50

Darwinian fitness

Question 51

___ is the formation of two or more different species from one single species that all occupy one geographical area.

Answer 51

Sympatric speciation

Question 52

___ occurs when a population is divided by a physical barrier and begin to develop different genotypes or phenotypes

Answer 52

Allopatric speciation

Question 53

when two different species combine to produce a viable offspring that becomes a new species

Answer 53

Hybrid speciation

Question 54

describes how hybrid offspring have reduced fertility, reducing the chances of the second generation of hybrids

Answer 54

Hybrid breakdown

Question 55

occurs by mutation in the gametic cells, often resulting from nondisjunction when chromosomes separate during cell division

Answer 55

Speciation via polyploidy

Question 56

____ states that a population's allele and genotype frequencies are constant, unless there is some type of evolutionary force acting upon them

Answer 56

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Question 57

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equations for allele and genotype frequency

Answer 57

p + q = 1 | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 58

____ describes human influence in intentionally separating a population, thus allowing different species to develop.

Answer 58

Artificial speciation

Question 59

__ describes the loss of genetic variation when a new population is started by a very small number of individuals who were part of a larger population before

Answer 59

Founder effect

Question 60

when one ancestor is introduced to a variety of conditions, multiple species can arise (ex: different species of finches on Galapagos islands)

Answer 60

Adaptive radiation

Question 61

___ is the act of mating organisms that are closely related genetically

Answer 61

Inbreeding

Question 62

___ leads to genetic variation within a population by altering the DNA sequence of an organism

Answer 62

Mutation

Question 63

___ describes the phenomenon where two or more alleles are always present among a population

Answer 63

Balanced polymorphism

Question 64

largest terrestrial biome characterized by less rainfall than temperate forests, long cold winters, coniferous trees, think soil covered in moss/lichens

Answer 64

Taigas

Question 65

characterized by snow and ice covered ground, short summers

Answer 65

Tundra

Question 66

characterized by receiving less water and uneven season rainfall; lower temperatures than savannas

Answer 66

Temperate grasslands

Question 67

characterized by grasslands with scattered trees, high temperatures, low rainfall

Answer 67

Savanna

Question 68

curve which represents organisms that have fewer offspring and have the time/ resources to provide extensive care for their offspring so that the offspring could survive for a longer amount of time )ex: humans, elephants, giraffe, k-selected species)

Answer 68

Type 1 survivorship curve

Question 69

curve which describes species that have many offspring and don’t spend too much time and resources nurturing their offspring. As a result, the young and fragile offspring die off at a high rate and there is only a small portion remaining until old age. (ex: frog, tree, salmon)

Answer 69

Type 3 survivorship curve

Question 70

Type 2 survivorship curve examples includes

Answer 70

seagull, lizards, hydra