Developmental Biology

Question 1

What part of the female reproductive system does fertilization most commonly occur?

Answer 1

Oviduct (fallopian tubes)

Question 2

What is the correct sequence for the process of sexual reproduction in humans?

Answer 2

Mitosis → Meiosis → gamete formation → fertilization

Question 3

Which germ layers is responsible for the development of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

Ectoderm

Question 4

How are human sperm & ova similar?

Answer 4

The contribution of the number of chromosomes to a zygote

Question 5

How are human sperm & ova different?

Answer 5

Maturation stage at birth
The rate at which they are produced
Cell volume/content

Question 6

Which germ layer is responsible for the development of the neural tube?

Answer 6

Ectoderm

Question 7

In humans, menstruation is associated with?

Answer 7

Lower FSH and LH

Question 8

What type of cell undergoes mitosis?

Answer 8

Spermatogonium

Question 9

From which germ layer does the brain, muscular system, and liver develop from respectively?

Answer 9

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Question 10

What is the first physiological change that occurs when sperm go through the female reproductive tract?

Answer 10

Capacitation

Question 11

A fertilized egg is implanted in a location other than the uterine lining. What is the most likely cause of this?

Answer 11

Reduced number of fallopian cilia

Question 12

A human baby is born with two fused toes. What process was incomplete during fetal development?

Answer 12

Apoptosis

Question 13

What is the order of stages in pre-embryonic development?

Answer 13

Zygote, Cleavage, Morula, Blastocyst, Implantation

Question 14

where eggs are produced

Answer 14

Ovary

Question 15

where fertilized eggs implant to begin growing into an embryo

Answer 15

Uterus

Question 16

an organ that develops in the uterus after the fertilized egg has implanted into the uterine wall

Answer 16

Placenta

Question 17

connects the ovaries to the uterus where sperm come into contact with eggs

Answer 17

Oviduct (fallopian tubes)

Question 18

After ovulation, the oocyte will leave the ovaries and travel into the fallopian tube. Once fertilized, it will undergo cleavage and move into the uterus for

Answer 18

implantation

Question 19

What is the Spermatogenesis process

Answer 19

i. Sperm cells divide mitotically (primary spermatocytes)
ii. After the first meiosis, they become secondary spermatocytes
iii. Spermatids (products of second meiotic division)
Spermatozoa phase is where the acrosome form & are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubule

Question 20

what is the Oogenesis process

Answer 20

i. Begins during embryonic development where oogonia undergo mitotic divisions to provide developing ovary with a large supply of future ova (arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 until maturity)
ii. Oocytes continue through meiosis 1 with the aid of FSH
iii. Becomes secondary oocyte after the first meiotic division
Meiosis 2 if penetrated by a sperm

Question 21

What is Gastrulation?

Answer 21

blastula (single-layered hollow sphere of cells) is reorganized into gastrula (germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Question 22

This germ layer develops into the central and peripheral nervous systems, hair, skin, nails

Answer 22

Ectoderm

Question 23

This germ layer develops into notochord and lungs. Skeletal, circulatory, muscular system. Spleen

Answer 23

Mesoderm

Question 24

This germ layer develops into lining of digestive/ respiratory systems. Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Thyroid

Answer 24

Endoderm

Question 25

body cells that are diploid & nucleated (46 individual; 23 pairs)

Answer 25

Somatic cells

Question 26

haploid cells that contain 22 unpaired autosomal & 1 sex chromosome (23 in total)

Answer 26

Reproductive cells

Question 27

___ are the smallest cells in the human body, while the ___ is the largest human cell and has a large amount of cytoplasm

Answer 27

Sperm. Ovum

Question 28

What occurs when the zygote fails to implant in the uterus after the release of the egg.

Answer 28

Menstruation

Question 29

Cycle in which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops

Answer 29

Ovarian cycle

Question 30

the corpus luteum can no longer be sustained once?

Answer 30

pituitary hormone (FSH and LH) levels drop

Question 31

Sloughing of the uterine wall (menstruation) occurs once

Answer 31

the endometrium lining can no longer be sustained (after the decrease in progesterone and estrogen)

Question 32

Spermatogonia periodically undergo ___ to provide a continual supply of spermatocytes

Answer 32

mitosis

Question 33

____ → Mitosis → Meiosis 1 → ____ → Meiosis 2 → ____ → Differentiation → ____

Answer 33

Spermatogonium - Secondary spermatocyte - Spermatid - Sperm

Question 34

Humans are considered ____ since we have three germ layers that make up the embryo

Answer 34

triploblasts

Question 35

archenteron develops into a mouth from the blastopore, undergo spiral cleavage

Answer 35

Protostomes

Question 36

archenteron develops into an anus from the blastopore, undergo radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage

Answer 36

Deuterostomes

Question 37

Type of cleavage where blastomeres are able to produce a whole organism on their own if isolated. Their fate has not been determined

Answer 37

Indeterminate cleavage

Question 38

Type of cleavage where developmental fate of embryonic cell is established early

Answer 38

Determinate cleavage

Question 39

cell that has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete organism

Answer 39

Totipotent cell

Question 40

cells that can divide but cannot develop into an entire organism on their own

Answer 40

Pluripotent

Question 41

The thinning of the sperm's membrane to increase their mobility and ability to release digestive

Answer 41

Capacitation

Question 42

When the sperm reaches the oocyte and bonds to receptors on the zona pellucida, digestive enzymes are released to help sperm penetrate through. This occurs after capacitation

Answer 42

Acrosomal reaction

Question 43

when one oocyte is fertilized with more than one sperm

Answer 43

Polyspermy

Question 44

slow block to polyspermy. Occurs when the first sperm has penetrated toe zona pellucida & fused with the oocyte

Answer 44

Cortical reaction

Question 45

A subsequent release of LH stimulates follicle rupture and the release of the secondary oocyte near the opening of the fallopian tube

Answer 45

Ovulation

Question 46

____ ____ help to propel the fertilized oocyte toward the uterus for implantation

Answer 46

Fallopian cilia

Question 47

Term used when when two or more digits are fused together

Answer 47

Syndactyly

Question 48

programmed and highly regulated cell death. Also plays a role in fetal eyelid separation and shaping neuronal connections

Answer 48

Apoptosis

Question 49

a renewal/recycling mechanism where one cell destroys another dysfunctional cell and uses the other cell's molecules for making new cell parts

Answer 49

Autophagy