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Biology > Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Developmental Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What part of the female reproductive system does fertilization most commonly occur?

A

Oviduct (fallopian tubes)

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2
Q

What is the correct sequence for the process of sexual reproduction in humans?

A

Mitosis → Meiosis → gamete formation → fertilization

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3
Q

Which germ layers is responsible for the development of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

How are human sperm & ova similar?

A

The contribution of the number of chromosomes to a zygote

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5
Q

How are human sperm & ova different?

A

Maturation stage at birth
The rate at which they are produced
Cell volume/content

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6
Q

Which germ layer is responsible for the development of the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

In humans, menstruation is associated with?

A

Lower FSH and LH

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8
Q

What type of cell undergoes mitosis?

A

Spermatogonium

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9
Q

From which germ layer does the brain, muscular system, and liver develop from respectively?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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10
Q

What is the first physiological change that occurs when sperm go through the female reproductive tract?

A

Capacitation

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11
Q

A fertilized egg is implanted in a location other than the uterine lining. What is the most likely cause of this?

A

Reduced number of fallopian cilia

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12
Q

A human baby is born with two fused toes. What process was incomplete during fetal development?

A

Apoptosis

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13
Q

What is the order of stages in pre-embryonic development?

A

Zygote, Cleavage, Morula, Blastocyst, Implantation

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14
Q

where eggs are produced

A

Ovary

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15
Q

where fertilized eggs implant to begin growing into an embryo

A

Uterus

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16
Q

an organ that develops in the uterus after the fertilized egg has implanted into the uterine wall

A

Placenta

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17
Q

connects the ovaries to the uterus where sperm come into contact with eggs

A

Oviduct (fallopian tubes)

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18
Q

After ovulation, the oocyte will leave the ovaries and travel into the fallopian tube. Once fertilized, it will undergo cleavage and move into the uterus for

A

implantation

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19
Q

What is the Spermatogenesis process

A

i. Sperm cells divide mitotically (primary spermatocytes)
ii. After the first meiosis, they become secondary spermatocytes
iii. Spermatids (products of second meiotic division)
Spermatozoa phase is where the acrosome form & are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubule

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20
Q

what is the Oogenesis process

A

i. Begins during embryonic development where oogonia undergo mitotic divisions to provide developing ovary with a large supply of future ova (arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 until maturity)
ii. Oocytes continue through meiosis 1 with the aid of FSH
iii. Becomes secondary oocyte after the first meiotic division
Meiosis 2 if penetrated by a sperm

21
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

blastula (single-layered hollow sphere of cells) is reorganized into gastrula (germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

22
Q

This germ layer develops into the central and peripheral nervous systems, hair, skin, nails

A

Ectoderm

23
Q

This germ layer develops into notochord and lungs. Skeletal, circulatory, muscular system. Spleen

A

Mesoderm

24
Q

This germ layer develops into lining of digestive/ respiratory systems. Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Thyroid

A

Endoderm

25
Q

body cells that are diploid & nucleated (46 individual; 23 pairs)

A

Somatic cells

26
Q

haploid cells that contain 22 unpaired autosomal & 1 sex chromosome (23 in total)

A

Reproductive cells

27
Q

___ are the smallest cells in the human body, while the ___ is the largest human cell and has a large amount of cytoplasm

A

Sperm. Ovum

28
Q

What occurs when the zygote fails to implant in the uterus after the release of the egg.

A

Menstruation

29
Q

Cycle in which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed, and the corpus luteum develops

A

Ovarian cycle

30
Q

the corpus luteum can no longer be sustained once?

A

pituitary hormone (FSH and LH) levels drop

31
Q

Sloughing of the uterine wall (menstruation) occurs once

A

the endometrium lining can no longer be sustained (after the decrease in progesterone and estrogen)

32
Q

Spermatogonia periodically undergo ___ to provide a continual supply of spermatocytes

A

mitosis

33
Q

____ → Mitosis → Meiosis 1 → ____ → Meiosis 2 → ____ → Differentiation → ____

A

Spermatogonium - Secondary spermatocyte - Spermatid - Sperm

34
Q

Humans are considered ____ since we have three germ layers that make up the embryo

A

triploblasts

35
Q

archenteron develops into a mouth from the blastopore, undergo spiral cleavage

A

Protostomes

36
Q

archenteron develops into an anus from the blastopore, undergo radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage

A

Deuterostomes

37
Q

Type of cleavage where blastomeres are able to produce a whole organism on their own if isolated. Their fate has not been determined

A

Indeterminate cleavage

38
Q

Type of cleavage where developmental fate of embryonic cell is established early

A

Determinate cleavage

39
Q

cell that has the potential to divide until it creates an entire, complete organism

A

Totipotent cell

40
Q

cells that can divide but cannot develop into an entire organism on their own

A

Pluripotent

41
Q

The thinning of the sperm’s membrane to increase their mobility and ability to release digestive

A

Capacitation

42
Q

When the sperm reaches the oocyte and bonds to receptors on the zona pellucida, digestive enzymes are released to help sperm penetrate through. This occurs after capacitation

A

Acrosomal reaction

43
Q

when one oocyte is fertilized with more than one sperm

A

Polyspermy

44
Q

slow block to polyspermy. Occurs when the first sperm has penetrated toe zona pellucida & fused with the oocyte

A

Cortical reaction

45
Q

A subsequent release of LH stimulates follicle rupture and the release of the secondary oocyte near the opening of the fallopian tube

A

Ovulation

46
Q

____ ____ help to propel the fertilized oocyte toward the uterus for implantation

A

Fallopian cilia

47
Q

Term used when when two or more digits are fused together

A

Syndactyly

48
Q

programmed and highly regulated cell death. Also plays a role in fetal eyelid separation and shaping neuronal connections

A

Apoptosis

49
Q

a renewal/recycling mechanism where one cell destroys another dysfunctional cell and uses the other cell’s molecules for making new cell parts

A

Autophagy

Biology (3 decks)

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