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Biology > Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What plant hormone promotes fruit ripening?

A

Ethylene

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2
Q

What contains the chromosomal DNA in a bacterium?

A

Nucleoid

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3
Q

An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions and carbons from inorganic compounds to make food is known as

A

Chemoautotrophs

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4
Q

A pathogen identified in a patient’s blood sample is found to lack a phospholipid bilayer. Therefore, any medications used to treat the disease caused by this pathogen would most likely be classified as

A

Antiviral drugs

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5
Q

What structures do mammals have at some point during development?

A

Pharyngeal pouches, post-anal tail, a notocord

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6
Q

What structure is responsible for creating a water-impermeable barrier within the endodermis in the roots of plants?

A

Casparian Strip

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7
Q

Where can countercurrent exchange be found in biological systems?

A

Gas exchange in fish gills, temperature regulation in animals, and concentration gradient in the loop of Henle

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8
Q

induces seed germination and cell division

A

Gibberellins

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9
Q

gas that promotes ripening of fruit and flower production. It also induces senescence in leaves

A

Ethylene

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10
Q

causes the inhibition of growth and dormancy of seeds

A

Abscisic acid

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11
Q

stimulates growth of plants through elongation

A

Auxin

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12
Q

stimulates cell division, organ development, and delays ageing of leaves

A

Cytokinin

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13
Q

small, independent, circular double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information. Can be spread from one bacterium to another

A

Plasmid

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14
Q

the outer envelope of some bacterial cells and is made of polysaccharides. It protects the bacterium from being phagocytosed therefore they tend to be more virulent

A

Capsule

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15
Q

Taxonomic rank

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup)

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16
Q

specialized peroxisomes in plant cells responsible for the breakdown of toxic substances (ROS, nitrogenous waste, and fatty acids)

A

Glyoxysomes

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17
Q

the primary weapon created by peroxisomes

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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18
Q

present in animal cells to perform digestive processes (not found in plant cells)

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

name given to a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplasts. They are involved in the production of energy

A

Granum

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20
Q

type of cell junction present in plants that allows for the passage of chemical signals between two adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

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21
Q

present in plants to control the opening and closing of stomata. They regulate water levels in plants in extreme climates

A

Guard cells

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22
Q

sunlight is absorbed and converted to chemical energy

A

Phototrophs

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23
Q

energy is obtained from breaking bonds of chemical compounds

A

Chemotrophs

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24
Q

electrons are obtained from organic compounds (electrons are required for oxidation-reduction reactions during ATP synthesis and biosynthesis of other compounds)

A

Organotrophs

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25
Q

electrons are obtained from inorganic compounds such as sulfur, nitrogen, and iron containing compounds

A

Lithotrophs

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26
Q

carbon is obtained by metabolizing organic compounds

A

Heterotrophs

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27
Q

carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophs

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28
Q

obligate intracellular parasites that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell

A

Viruses

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29
Q

protective protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of viruses

A

Capsid

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30
Q

All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are enclosed by a ____

A

phospholipid bilayer

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31
Q

are unicellular and have circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus, and reproduce asexually

A

Archaea domain

32
Q

domain that have peptidoglycan in their cell wall

A

Bacteria domain

33
Q

regions of repetitive nucleotide sequence at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that shorten with each round of cell division

A

Telomeres

34
Q

animals that have notocord

A

Chordata

35
Q

flexible, cartilaginous rods that support the body of all chordates in the embryonic stage but replaced by bone in adulthood

A

Notocords

36
Q

The spinal cord in chordates develops from the dorsal hollow ____

A

nerve cord

37
Q

In chordates, the pharynx, or other feeding systems arise from the ____

A

pharyngeal gill slits

38
Q

the muscular tail extending behind the anus which is lost during the embryonic development of humans, and many other chordates

A

Post-anal tail

39
Q

Chordate examples include

A

fish, shark

40
Q

Echinodermata examples include

A

starfish

41
Q

Cnidaria examples include

A

jellyfish

42
Q

division of body parts into repetitive segments

A

Segmentation

43
Q

Which phylum have segmented bodies?

A

Arthropods, vertebrates (chordates), and annelids

44
Q

Nematodes example

A

roundworms

45
Q

Arthropod examples

A

spiders, crustaceans (crabs)

46
Q

Annelid example

A

earthworm

47
Q

Diploblast species (lack mesoderm layer) include

A

Cnidaria

48
Q

Triploblast species include

A

chordates (mammals), Platyhelminthes, Annalida

49
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA can be translated as soon as it is transcribed because ____

A

mRNA does not require maturation modifications

50
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA is ____, meaning that one mRNA chain can encode for many different types of proteins

A

polycistronic

51
Q

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA is ____ to the template DNA it was transcribed from

A

complementary

52
Q

The blastopore is the opening into the ____

A

coelom

53
Q

Protostomes are ___ and ___ and include mollusks, annelids, and arthropods

A

spiral, determinate

54
Q

Deuterostomes are ___ and ___ and include echinoderms and chordates

A

radial, indeterminate

55
Q

Phyla that are acoelomates include: ___, ___, and ___

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes

56
Q

Phyla that are pseudocoelom include: ___ and ___

A

Nematode and Rotifera

57
Q

Phyla that are coelomate include: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

A

Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

58
Q

occurs when fluids flow in opposite directions, allowing for maximum exchange of gases, liquids, or solids (concentration is always higher in the top vessel)

A

Countercurrent exchange

59
Q

noncoding sequences

A

Introns

60
Q

coding sequences

A

Exons

61
Q

removes introns from the pre-mRNA molecule to form mature mRNA in RNA splicing (unique mechanism used by eukaryotic cells)

A

Spliceosome

62
Q

to get the final population size equations

A

ncubation time - lag phase = log phase

Log phase/ generation time = generations

Multiply original # of bacterial cells by 2generations

63
Q

cavity which lies between the mesoderm and endoderm

A

Coelom

64
Q

when there is no cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

A

Acoelomate

65
Q

prokaryotic organisms that are unicellular, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, and heterotrophic or autotrophic

A

Monera

66
Q

simple eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular/colonial/multicellular. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Examples include algae, plankton, and slime molds

A

Protista

67
Q

heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that have a cell wall made of chitin, examples include mushrooms, yeasts, and molds

A

Fungi

68
Q

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that a cell wall made of cellulose.

A

Plantae

69
Q

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic. Lack cell walls and require oxygen and the consumption of organic material to produce energy via cellular respiration. Examples include insects, mollusks, and crustaceans.

A

Animalia

70
Q

small, lack phloem & xylem, and reproduce asexually, lack seeds. Have hair-like rhizoids to anchor the plant and absorb water

A

Bryophytes (nonvascular)

71
Q

Mosses, Hogwarts, liverwarts are examples of ____

A

Bryophytes (nonvascular)

72
Q

large, have phloem and xylem, and reproduce asexually, release some seeds. Have a root, stem, and leaves, cuticles and stomata

A

Tracheophytes (vascular)

73
Q

Flowers, trees, and ferns are examples of ____

A

tracheophytes

74
Q

____ is a waxy layer to reduce water loss

A

Cuticle

75
Q

____ are pores in the leaves that control gas exchange

A

Stomata

Biology (3 decks)

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