Evolution and Systematics Flashcards

(19 cards)

1
Q

What is gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations?

A

Evolution

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2
Q

What occurs when new species arise from common ancestors via descent with modification?

A

Speciation

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3
Q

What is the evolutionary history of organisms?

A

Phylogeny

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4
Q

What represent descent from common ancestors?

A

Phylogenetic trees or cladograms

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5
Q

What is the study of evolutionary relationships?

A

Systematics

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6
Q

What arrange taxa in a hierarchical manner?

A

Cladograms

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7
Q

What group appears first in cladograms?

A

Basal

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8
Q

What group appear last in cladograms?

A

Derived

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9
Q

What is a closely related taxon outside the taxon being studied (ingroup)?

A

Outgroup

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10
Q

What are basal traits that appear before the outgroup?

A

Plesiomorphies

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11
Q

What are specific variations of a character?

A

Character states

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12
Q

What are derived traits that appear after the outgroup?

A

Apomorphies

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13
Q

What are shared apomorphies?

A

Synapomorphies

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14
Q

What are apomorphies unique to a taxon?

A

Autapomorphies

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15
Q

What group include a recent common ancestor and all descendants?

A

Monophyletic groups

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16
Q

What group leave out one or more descendants and are not valid taxonomically?

17
Q

What states that the phylogeny which requires the fewest evolutionary changes is most likely?

18
Q

What are character or character states that share the same evolutionary origin?

19
Q

What are character or character states common to multiple taxa that evolved independently?